Design of Micropower Operational Transconductance Amplifiers for High Total Ionizing Dose Effects

The design of radiation-hard analog/mixed signal Integrated Circuits for high Total Ionizing Dose (TID) is a challenging task. Front-end electronics for the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) are expected to be exposed to doses exceeding 500 Mrad(SiO
₂
). Using a recently developed TID-Process Design Kit (PDK) in 65 nm bulk CMOS, the present paper illustrates the design of micropower, current-mirror and folded cascode CMOS Operational Transconductance Amplifiers (OTAs) using moderate inversion techniques to favor insensitivity to high TID.