Improving the Accuracy of Millimeter-Wave Ray-Tracing Simulations by Modeling Roadside Trees

In recent years, ray-tracing simulation is widely adopted to model outdoor radio propagation. However, existing studies have not focused on the blockage effect of roadside trees. In this study, we model roadside trees using a variety of techniques to analyze their effect on the accuracy of channel modeling using ray-tracing simulation. The roadside trees were modeled as objects transmitting, reflecting, and diffracting electromagnetic waves. We noted that the results of ray-tracing simulations that included roadside trees were more accurate than simulations without tree effects, based on the deviations from the experimentally measured results.