Bone-forming cell adhesion on modified surfaces of titanium with graphene oxide

A modified titanium surface that improved pre-osteoblast (bone-forming cell) adhesion through anodization method which created TiO
₂
nanotube array, and electrodeposition method which later coated with graphene oxide (GO) was studied. The solution of GO was used at the concentrations of 150 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml during electrodeposition process. The samples with GO coating at the concentration of 200 μg/ml were observed clearly a morphology of the GO coating on the samples using scanning electron microscopy. On anodized titanium the TiO
₂
nanotube array was appeared with the diameter at about 50 nm. The investigation of elements with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry confirmed a presence of carbon and oxygen after surface modifications. The coated samples with GO had a significant increase of elemental percentage of carbon. The anodized titanium had the higher of oxygen than conventional titanium. The study of cell adhesion and spreading with pre-osteoblast cells was performed with a standard cell culture and cell staining after four hours. The results indicated that GO coating on conventional titanium improved significantly the cell density on the samples. Pre-osteoblast cells were well spread on GO coatings on both conventional and anodized titanium.