3D printed, programmable osmotic actuators for orthodontic application

We have successfully demonstrated (1) a 3D fabrication and packaging scheme that can readily convert hydraulic actuators into autonomous osmotic actuators, and (2) a new type of osmotic actuators that can generate desired locomotion and force outputs for orthodontic application. Soft bellow structures are employed to realize and amplify the actuation, including elongation, contraction, bending, and twisting. When placed in oral cavity, the actuators are osmotically pressurized to move and guide the teeth into proper alignment in a steady and preprogrammed manner. Besides pumping, it is demonstrated for the first time that osmotic actuation can be tailored to realize sophisticated functions.