Liveness-based fusion approaches in multibiometrics

Recent works have shown that multimodal biometric systems are vulnerable to direct spoof attacks, even partial ones. On the other hand, liveness detection approaches have been proposed as a countermeasure. The aim of this paper is to devise proper approaches to integrate liveness detection into fusion at score or decision level, and then test them to assess which benefit can be obtained by smartly using vitality information in multibiometric systems.