End-to-End Energy Management

In reality, energy is task- not system-centric. Several disparate systems, or systems of systems, collectively use energy to accomplish a given task and satisfy service-level expectations. Consider, for example, someone who takes a photo with a smartphone and sends it to a friend. Taking and transmitting the photo consumes energy from the smart phone, the data transfer consumes energy from the Internet routers, and the recipient's local system consumes energy to display the image. To improve energy efficiency, we must consider the end-to-end energy use of a task involving multiple computer systems.