Factors affecting emission mitigation of T&D loss reduction for power sector planning with DSM options: a case of Indonesia

This study examines the implications of T&D loss reduction for a long-term power sector planning considering DSM options in Indonesia. In particular, an approach has been developed to examine the factors which affect the total CO/sub 2/, SO/sub 2/ and NO/sub x/ mitigations due to T&D loss reduction. The results show that there are three factors which affect the total CO/sub 2/, SO/sub 2/ and NO/sub x/ mitigations due to T&D loss reduction, i.e., fuel-mix-, loss reduction- and demand side management-effects. Of these three effects, the loss reduction effect contributes to the highest share to the reduction of CO/sub 2/, SO/sub 2/ and NO/sub x/ emissions. The fuel-mix effect would reduce CO/sub 2/ emission under all cases, but in the case of SO/sub 2/ and NO/sub x/, the fuel mix effect would increase or decrease the emissions. Unlike the loss reduction effect, the demand side management effect would act towards increasing CO/sub 2/, SO/sub 2/ and NO/sub x/ emissions under all cases.