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# IRE Transactions on Military Electronics

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• ### Some Early Developments in Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems

Publication Year: 1962, Page(s):111 - 115
Cited by:  Papers (81)  |  Patents (2)
| | PDF (2711 KB)

This paper describes some of the early developments in the synthetic aperture technique for radar application. The basic principle and later extensions to the theory are described. The results of the first experimental verification at the University of Illinois are given as well as the results of subsequent experiments. The paper also includes a section comparing some of the important features of ... View full abstract»

• ### Characteristics of High-Conversion-Efficiency Gallium-Arsenide Solar Cells

Publication Year: 1962, Page(s):20 - 27
Cited by:  Papers (28)
| | PDF (1546 KB)

Gallium-arsenide solar cells having conversion-efficiency values greater than 11 per cent are described. Crystalline properties of gallium arsenide are discussed, and cell design considerations are given. Gallium arsenide provides several advantages over silicon in the fabrication of high-efficiency cells having improved temperature characteristics and higher radiation-resistance properties. Typic... View full abstract»

• ### The Radar Measurement of Range, Velocity and Acceleration

Publication Year: 1961, Page(s):51 - 57
Cited by:  Papers (50)  |  Patents (3)
| | PDF (1079 KB)

This paper is a study of the ultimate attainable accuracy in the radar measurement of range, range rate, and range acceleration. It is assumed that these quantities are to be measured by a coherent radar with a large output signal-to-noise ratio. The approach is entirely theoretical, and the accuracy evaluated is the accuracy that would be attained with an ideal receiver which performs maximum-lik... View full abstract»

• ### A Comparison of Techniques for Achieving Fine Azimuth Resolution

Publication Year: 1962, Page(s):119 - 121
Cited by:  Papers (25)
| | PDF (505 KB)

In the discussion of techniques for achieving azimuth resolution, it is instructive to compare the achievable resolution for three cases: 1) the conventional case for which λR Res = k / D 2) the unfocussed synthetic antenna case for which Res = k√λR 3) the focussed synthetic antenna case for which Res = kD where λ is wavelength, D is aperture of physical antenna use... View full abstract»

• ### Orbit Determination from Single Pass Doppler Observations

Publication Year: 1960, Page(s):336 - 344
Cited by:  Papers (3)
| | PDF (1335 KB)

This paper presents a method for determining the orbit of a satellite by observing, in the course of a single pass, the Doppler shift in the frequency of a CW signal transmitted from the ground and reflected by the satellite to one or more ground-based receivers at remote sites. The method is sufficiently general that, with minor modification, it may be applied to any type of satellite or ICBM tra... View full abstract»

• ### A High-Resolution Radar Combat-Surveillance System

Publication Year: 1961, Page(s):127 - 131
Cited by:  Papers (44)
| | PDF (3068 KB)

An account is given of the development of the AN/UPD-1 (XPM-1) system. This airborne mapping radar, by synthesizing an extremely long antenna which expands in length in direct proportion to radar range, provides a linear resolution in the azimuth direction that is constant for all radar ranges. View full abstract»

• ### Continuous-Wave Radar with High Range Resolution and Unambiguous Velocity Determination

Publication Year: 1962, Page(s):153 - 161
Cited by:  Papers (26)
| | PDF (1497 KB)

The conventional pulse radar has two shortcomings. First, since the pulse width and pulse repetition frequency are constrained by resolution and maximum range requirements, the average transmitter power can be increased only by increasing the peak transmitter power. Second, the limitation imposed by the sampling theorem prevents unambiguous measurement of Doppler frequencies higher than one half t... View full abstract»

• ### Sidelobe Suppression in a Range-Channel Pulse-Compression Radar

Publication Year: 1962, Page(s):162 - 169
Cited by:  Papers (17)  |  Patents (2)
| | PDF (1202 KB)

A model range-channel pulse-compression system is postulated and the problem of suppressing sidelobes in the compressed pulse is discussed. It is concluded that amplitude-weighting in the time domain (at IF) is a convenient method of suppressing sidelobes. An integration loss factor is defined which characterizes the decrease in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) resulting from the inclusion of weighting... View full abstract»

• ### High-Precision Angle Determination by Means of Radar in a Search Mode

Publication Year: 1961, Page(s):317 - 325
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (1189 KB)

One of the more difficult requirements to meet in the design of radars is that of accurate angular measurement. In tracking radars the azimuth and elevation of a target can be measured to a high degree of accuracy by a nulling method. Two of the most practical methods for obtaining angular accuracy in search radars are discussed in this paper. The first method is an interferometer technique employ... View full abstract»

• ### Statistical Considerations in Element Value Solutions

Publication Year: 1962, Page(s):282 - 288
Cited by:  Papers (7)
| | PDF (1088 KB)

This paper presents a method of fault isolation in electrical networks by determination of circuit element values from a sufficient set of measurements at the available or partly available terminals. The method requires that the circuit configuration be known; the measurements taken are voltage and current responses to sinusoidal stimuli of specified frequencies. The method presented is an iterati... View full abstract»

• ### Theory of Coherent Systems

Publication Year: 1962, Page(s):187 - 196
Cited by:  Papers (6)
| | PDF (1692 KB)

A circuit theory model is derived for coherent radar, communication, sonar and antenna systems. The model involves linear time invariant operators and hence can be thought of as cascaded filters. The model provides insight for such systems not previously available, and it provides a unified approach to the analysis of all the above systems. The analysis is concerned with continuously distributed t... View full abstract»

• ### Principles of Pulse Compression

Publication Year: 1961, Page(s):109 - 116
Cited by:  Papers (11)
| | PDF (1575 KB)

For good radar system performance, a transmitted waveform is desired that has 1) wide bandwidth for high range resolution and 2) long duration for high velocity resolution and high transmitted energy. In a pulse-compression system, a long pulse of duration T and bandwidth F (product of T and F greater than one) is transmitted. Received echoes are processed to obtain short pulses of duration 1/F. C... View full abstract»

• ### An RF Multiple Beam-Forming Technique

Publication Year: 1962, Page(s):179 - 186
Cited by:  Papers (14)  |  Patents (1)
| | PDF (2724 KB)

An RF beam-forming matrix is described which forms n'' simultaneous beams from an n'' element array in a passive and theoretically lossless manner. The principle of operation is explained using some simple matrix configuration. A general expression for the far-field pattern of any beam is derived and then used to study the positions of beam peaks, the position of beam nulls, the crossover leve... View full abstract»

• ### Self-contained guidance systems

Publication Year: 1958, Page(s):25 - 35
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (5903 KB)

Inertial guidance is based on the use of reference coordinates established by applications of Newton's Laws of Motion to self-contained systems. Gyro units carried by servo-powered gimbals give accurate information on preset angular positions that may be used to supply the function of the celestial sphere in conventional navigation. Changes in position are indicated by integration of acceleration ... View full abstract»

• ### Application of Electronic Distance Measuring Equipment in Surveying

Publication Year: 1960, Page(s):263 - 267
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (1070 KB)

Recent improvements in electronic distance-measuring equipment have made it possible to obtain higher degrees of accuracy in surveys for mapping. Electronic equipment has therefore become a far-reaching and powerful tool when used for establishing geodetic control in remote areas, between distant triangulation stations, over impassable terrain, and through intervening vegetation, where it is impos... View full abstract»

• ### Jamming of Communication Systems Using FM, AM, and SSB Modulation

Publication Year: 1961, Page(s):8 - 11
Cited by:  Papers (2)
| | PDF (737 KB)

Jamming of voice communication systems is a very ungrateful task and brute force'' jammers have to be used, while other systems, such as radar, can be jammed effectively using low power but sophisticated jammers. Geographical situation is very much against the jammer, particularly in ground-based mobile communication systems. The propagation of ground wave is such that a rapid increase of jammin... View full abstract»

• ### Design Considerations for a Celestial Navigation Trainer

Publication Year: 1959, Page(s):69 - 75
| | PDF (3915 KB)

This paper gives a short history of the need for navigation training and tells what a navigator should know. It also tells how navigators were trained in the middle ages and of training devices used then as well as explaining the requirements of the modern celestial navigation trainer and how the 1A19 meets these requirements. It explains, in general engineering terms, the techniques used for simu... View full abstract»

• ### Thermoelectric Generator Design, Performance, and Application

Publication Year: 1962, Page(s):34 - 40
Cited by:  Papers (2)
| | PDF (1213 KB)

Many of the practical problems that are encountered in building present-day generators are illustrated. A design procedure for free convection air-cooled generators is described. The performance of power thermocouples as a function of junction temperature is discussed and curves illustrating couple efficiency, power output, heat flux and voltage as a function of hot junction temperature are shown.... View full abstract»

• ### Fusion for Space Propulsion

Publication Year: 1959, Page(s):52 - 57
Cited by:  Papers (5)
| | PDF (1275 KB)

The possible role of a controlled thermonuclear reactor in space missions is discussed. Although such a reactor is many years from reality, some of its properties are understood well enough to indicate problems which will appear and which are peculiar to space flight. It appears that it will have to deliver electric power or thrust at a weight of about one pound per kw in order to represent signif... View full abstract»

• ### Hermetically-Sealed Nickel-Cadmium and Silver-Cadmium Storage Batteries

Publication Year: 1962, Page(s):67 - 71
| | PDF (1009 KB)

The galvanic battery is the most highly developed means of storing electrical energy today. In satellite and space-vehicle applications where auxiliary electrical power is required for extended periods of time, it has been found that the most feasible power supply currently available consists of silicon solar cells used in conjunction with sealed nickel-cadmium storage batteries. They are capable ... View full abstract»

• ### Airborne Pulse-Doppler Radar

Publication Year: 1961, Page(s):116 - 126
Cited by:  Papers (6)
| | PDF (1857 KB)

Doppler radars are employed for the detection of moving targets whose radar echo area is much smaller than the ground clutter return. Moving targets are separated from clutter on a frequency basis by utilizing the Doppler phenomenon. Continuous-wave Doppler radars have a practical maximum-range capability because the leak-through between the transmitter and receiver causes receiver saturation. Thi... View full abstract»

• ### Use of Passive Redundancy in Electronic Systems

Publication Year: 1961, Page(s):202 - 208
Cited by:  Papers (4)
| | PDF (1386 KB)

Circuit design predicated solely upon the premise of providing circuits with greater and greater immunity against component tolerances at some point results in an increase in catastrophic failure rates. Thus, circuits which are overdesigned to provide maximum protection against drift failures may actually contribute to a lower system reliability than do those circuits which are designed to operate... View full abstract»

• ### The Future of Pulse Radar for Missile and Space Range Instrumentation

Publication Year: 1961, Page(s):330 - 351
Cited by:  Papers (3)
| | PDF (5853 KB)

An account of instrumentation radar development is given, and advantages and disadvantages of radar as compared to other instruments are discussed. Capabilities of present monopulse radars are described, based upon actual test data from the AN/FPS-16. This radar has a range of 200 miles on echo targets of one-square-meter cross section and can track to an accuracy of 0.1 mil in angle and 5 yards i... View full abstract»

• ### Signal Processing Techniques for Surveillance Radar Sets

Publication Year: 1961, Page(s):103 - 108
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (982 KB)

One of the major recent advances in radar technology has been in the processing of the received signals. Several techniques have been developed to enhance the desired signals (aircraft) relative to ground clutter, sea clutter, rain, interference from other radars, and active countermeasures. The following techniques are discussed: MTI, Sweep Integration, and Blanking and Switching. A signal proces... View full abstract»

• ### Determination of Satellite Trajectories from Track-While-Scan Radar Measurements

Publication Year: 1961, Page(s):306 - 311
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (901 KB)

Classical methods for determining satellite orbits were limited to the use of angle information and only rough estimates of distance. With radar, it is possible to obtain good range information, but poor angular accuracy. Three approximate schemes are described which are ideally suited to track-while-scan radar observations. The accuracy obtained with these techniques has been demonstrated by the ... View full abstract»

• ### Regenerative Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell

Publication Year: 1962, Page(s):63 - 67
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (1384 KB)

The regenerative hydrogen-oxygen ion-exchange membrane fuel cell is especially suitable for use in space power systems. During discharge, the anode reaction is H2+20H-→2H2O+2e. The electrons pass out of the fuel cell at the anode to the load, then re-enter at the cathode. The cathode reaction is ½ 02+H2O+2e →20H-. The h... View full abstract»

• ### Bio-Telemetry in the Nose Cones of U. S. Army Jupiter Missiles

Publication Year: 1960, Page(s):288 - 302
| | PDF (9977 KB)

On December 1, 1958, a South American squirrel monkey, and on May 28, 1959, a rhesus and a squirrel monkey, were launched in the nose cones of two U. S. Army Jupiter missiles. The experiments were done by scientists of the Army and Navy medical departments, and personnel of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency. They were done on a noninterference basis with the main mission of the missile. The primar... View full abstract»

• ### Considerations to the Development of Explorer VII Satellite

Publication Year: 1960, Page(s):86 - 92
| | PDF (4978 KB)

The development of the orbiting carrier Explorer VII is presented. It is shown how the many requirements inherent to the mission were incorporated into one satellite system. The design parameters are discussed. Particular emphasis is devoted to the testing of the satellite with regard to functional and environmental conditions. View full abstract»

• ### The Satellite Vanguard II: Cloud Cover Experiment

Publication Year: 1960, Page(s):245 - 247
Cited by:  Papers (2)
| | PDF (2182 KB)

This paper contains a summary of the launch and performance of the first meteorological satellite, Vanguard II. A brief description of its instrumentation is given. View full abstract»

• ### Radar in the Signal Corps

Publication Year: 1960, Page(s):555 - 561
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (5964 KB)

The accomplishments of the Signal Corps Laboratories in the development of radar are described with emphasis on the pre-World War II period. The development and evolution of early warning radar and fire control radar in the Army are treated in some detail. The ground radars used in combat during the war by the Army (including the Army Air Corps) are discussed. View full abstract»

• ### The Evolution and Application of Coherent Radar Systems

Publication Year: 1961, Page(s):131 - 139
Cited by:  Papers (2)
| | PDF (1718 KB)

A brief introduction to coherent radar applications is given by discussing some basic pulse and CW systems. Comments on the historical development of these systems are followed by a general discussion of coherent radar parameter variations as they relate to the accuracy, resolution and ambiguity of target position or speed measurements. View full abstract»

• ### Automatic Frequency Control of Magnetrons

Publication Year: 1961, Page(s):45 - 50
| | PDF (1047 KB)

A practical AFC system for both X-band and Ku-band magnetron radar transmitters has been developed. This system meets the needs of three radar systems currently in production. Frequency stabilization is accomplished by electronically controlling the magnetron load impedance. Therefore, the magnetron pulling figure'' is put to use. The closed loop AFC system maintains frequency stability to bette... View full abstract»

• ### Analysis of Satellite Motion from Radio Reception

Publication Year: 1960, Page(s):361 - 365
Cited by:  Papers (2)
| | PDF (708 KB)

This paper presents an analysis of a radio signal originating from a tumbling and rotating earth satellite. An equation is derived for the relative motion of the unit position vector pointing from the observer to the satellite with respect to the satellite coordinate system. From this, the amplitude variation of the ground received radio signal is calculated. It is further shown how a recording of... View full abstract»

• ### Communication Using Earth Satellites

Publication Year: 1960, Page(s):51 - 58
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (2313 KB)

A review of the use of earth satellites for reliable, ionospheric-independent communication circuits includes considerations of losses in the propagating path, directivity features, and influences such as Doppler shift. The effects of such influences on bandwidth and range are illuminated. View full abstract»

• ### Infrared Automatic Acquisition and Tracking System

Publication Year: 1961, Page(s):312 - 316
| | PDF (2467 KB)

A technique for accumulating airborne visible and infrared spectroradiometric data from missile plumes and re-entry objects establishes the requirements for a precision tracking front surface mirror. The processing of target radiation, reflected by the tracking mirror into an infrared tracker telescope, to derive target coordinate information, is described. The derivation of transformed target err... View full abstract»

• ### Design Considerations for Parametric Amplifier Low-Noise Performance

Publication Year: 1961, Page(s):72 - 80
Cited by:  Papers (3)
| | PDF (1419 KB)

The basic characteristics of parametric amplifiers are reviewed briefly, with particular emphasis on the limitations on low-noise performance resulting from diode losses. Normalized curves showing the minimum excess temperature of a parametric amplifier for various spectrum arrangements are presented, where the normalizing factor is the degenerate-mode gain cutoff frequency. Experimental evidence ... View full abstract»

• ### General Description and Design of the Configuration of the Juno I and Juno II Launching Vehicles

Publication Year: 1960, Page(s):70 - 77
| | PDF (3753 KB)

The Juno I Vehicle consists of a modified Redstone Booster with three solid propellant upper stages. The second and third stages are made up by clustering the same rocket used as the fourth stage. The upper stages are contained in a spinning launcher. The spinning provides stability during flight. The Juno II vehicle uses the same upper stages as the Juno I and the booster is a modified Jupiter. T... View full abstract»

• ### SCAMP-a single-channel monopulse radar signal processing technique

Publication Year: 1962, Page(s):146 - 152
Cited by:  Papers (6)
| | PDF (1157 KB)

A new monopulse radar signal processing technique is described, which requires only a single IF amplifer channel to instantaneously process the returns from all targets within a beamwidth. The basic signal processor consists of a wide-band amplifier-hard limiter, followed by appropriate band-pass filtering. The mathematical basis for its operation is developed and corroborating experimental result... View full abstract»

• ### Some aspects of astronautics

Publication Year: 1958, Page(s):8 - 19
| | PDF (5174 KB)

This paper is mainly concerned with four general topics of importance in astronautics: 1) Basic laws of celestial mechanics. The subjects covered are: Kepler's laws and their Newtonian redevelopment, the orbital elements, and perturbations. 2) Lunar and interplanetary flights. A typical earth-moon transit trajectory, computed by automatic machine, is discussed. Guidance accuracies required for lun... View full abstract»

• ### Astronautics and Propulsion

Publication Year: 1959, Page(s):58 - 64
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (1177 KB)

First Page of the Article
View full abstract»

• ### New Trends in Signal Corps Transistor Development

Publication Year: 1960, Page(s):455 - 459
| | PDF (794 KB)

Signal Corps transistors are discussed with special emphasis on device developments during the last five-year period, A generic development is presented starting with germanium and silicon alloy-junction transistors and leading to germanium and silicon diffused junction-type devices that reflect the extended frequency and power capability of the transistor. Devices developed under Signal Corps con... View full abstract»

• ### Electronically Tunable Circuit Elements

Publication Year: 1960, Page(s):527 - 532
Cited by:  Papers (2)
| | PDF (1143 KB)

During the past sixty years, attempts have been made to develop electronically-controllable circuit elements to be applied to filter networks in tunable receivers and transmitters. Both the polarization of the dielectric material used in the construction of capacitors and the permeability of the ferrite core material used in inductor design, lend themselves to electronic variation; in fact, the ch... View full abstract»

• ### The Design of a CW Passive Missile Trajectory Measuring System

Publication Year: 1961, Page(s):370 - 374
| | PDF (1358 KB)

Several tests have provided data sufficient to demonstrate the feasibility of tracking missiles with a CW passive Doppler system. Initial experiments utilized a local television station as a target illuminator; later tests examined the capability of such a system as a terminal trajectory measuring device. These latter tests showed that the system could be designed to have a multiple-target capabil... View full abstract»

• ### Power Dissipation in Microelectronic Transmission Circuits

Publication Year: 1961, Page(s):209 - 216
Cited by:  Papers (5)
| | PDF (1131 KB)

The interrelationship of power dissipation, gain, stability, terminal impedance values, dynamic range and efficiency is investigated for small-signal amplifiers in the middle range of frequencies. Utilizing a novel circuit-design theory which treats a transistor along with its biasing resistors as a single entity, amplifier designs are derived which combine optimum ac performance and minimum dc po... View full abstract»

• ### Space exploration — The new challenge to the electronics industry

Publication Year: 1957, Page(s):43 - 48
| | PDF (4105 KB)

The electronics industry today faces its greatest challenge, the development of a system to control remotely a space-research vehicle. It must prepare man's path into space. A two-way radio data link will be one specific goal. This link should transfer data between Earth and vehicle to provide guidance and observation data, and to permit control of vehicle trajectory and instrumentation through an... View full abstract»

• ### A Land-Mass Radar Simulator Incorporating Ground and Contour Mapping and Terrain Avoidance Modes

Publication Year: 1959, Page(s):105 - 114
| | PDF (1701 KB)

This paper describes a method of simulating the radar displays of an airborne radar system. The simulator employs a scan-programmed vidicon tube and a low-power light source in conjunction with a three-dimensional terrain model to simulate radar return from land-mass formations, cultural areas, and target complexes. All effects of a moving aircraft, including velocity, heading, altitude, position,... View full abstract»

• ### Early Orbit Determination Scheme for the Juno Space Vehicle

Publication Year: 1960, Page(s):129 - 144
| | PDF (3248 KB)

The present status (1959-1960) of the ABMA Early Orbit Determination scheme for the Juno space vehicle is described, The design of the scheme was essentially influenced by three factors: 1) its origin centered around post flight vehicle analysis; 2) the flexibility required for accepting varied kinds of data; and 3) the potential of high speed computers concentrated in the ABMA Computation Laborat... View full abstract»

• ### A Delayed-Repeater Satellite Communication System of Advanced Design

Publication Year: 1960, Page(s):195 - 207
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (2905 KB)

This paper describes a delayed-repeater satellite communications system consisting of an orbiting delayed-repeater radio-relay station which passes over terminal ground stations located within the viewing area of the satellite. Messages are exchanged between the satellite and a ground station operating in the 2-kmc band utilizing both polarization and frequency diversity techniques to provide a co... View full abstract»

• ### Steerable Array Radars

Publication Year: 1961, Page(s):80 - 94
Cited by:  Papers (13)
| | PDF (3575 KB)

The general characteristics of radars using large planar steerable array antennas are discussed. The need for an amplifier for each element is shown, and the tolerances and stability requirements for the amplifiers are discussed. Array geometry, pattern formation and gain, mutual coupling, and beam-steering techniques are summarized. Element minimization and signal-processing techniques are analyz... View full abstract»

• ### Surveying and Mapping from Space

Publication Year: 1960, Page(s):256 - 258
| | PDF (625 KB)

Artificial satellites promise means of completing precise surveys of the world and of acquiring world-wide photographic coverage for the production of topographic maps. The applicability of satellites to the field of geodesy is covered, and problem areas associated with map compilation serve to emphasize a critical research area. View full abstract»

## Aims & Scope

This Transactions ceased publication in 1962. The new retitled publication is IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

Full Aims & Scope