# Communications, Radar and Signal Processing, IEE Proceedings F

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• ### Digital signal processing for target detection FMCW radar

Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):331 - 336
Cited by:  Papers (3)
| | PDF (717 KB)

The paper describes a method of digital signal processing for extracting and isolating targets in the return signal of an FMCW radar. Digital filtering of the frequency spectrum of the return signal is followed by nonlinear optimisation to detect the presence of multiple targets amid clutter. Results using a practical radar show that the method gives enhanced detection of weak return signals. View full abstract»

• ### Digital beam forming for radar

Publication Year: 1980, Page(s):266 - 277
Cited by:  Papers (2)
| | PDF (1353 KB)

Development of digital methods for antenna beam forming in the receiving mode of a radar can be advantageous in providing the system with a high degree of flexibility in beam-pattern managementÂ¿ for countering e.c.m. and providing multiple functions efficiently. The justification for incorporating digital methods and various possible arrangements are discussed first. The main body of the paper i... View full abstract»

• ### A complex gradient operator and its application in adaptive array theory

Publication Year: 1983, Page(s):11 - 16
Cited by:  Papers (30)
| | PDF (673 KB)

The problem of minimising a real scalar quantity (for example array output power, or mean square error) as a function of a complex vector (the set of weights) frequently arises in adaptive array theory. A complex gradient operator is defined in the paper for this purpose and its use justified. Three examples of its application to array theory problems are given. View full abstract»

• ### Introduction to electronic warfare

Publication Year: 1982, Page(s):113 - 132
Cited by:  Papers (7)
| | PDF (3554 KB)

The paper discusses the overall concept of electronic warfare (EW) and defines its three main subsets: electronic support measures (ESM), electronic countermeasures (ECM) and electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM). The requirements for ESM receivers are reviewed in the context of two specific scenarios: that of intelligence gathering for communications and radar. The different current ESM recei... View full abstract»

• ### The geometry of bistatic radar systems

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):604 - 612
Cited by:  Papers (23)
| | PDF (1056 KB)

Unless the separation between transmitter and receiver is small compared with ranges of interest, bistatic radars have a number of properties which differ significantly from the monostatic equivalents. Some of these produce operational advantages which provide a motivation for deployment, while others merely bring trouble and expense. The paper considers the basic bistatic properties which depend ... View full abstract»

• ### Radar detection prediction in sea clutter using the compound K-distribution model

Publication Year: 1985, Page(s):613 - 620
Cited by:  Papers (36)
| | PDF (945 KB)

In the paper the radar detection of targets in sea clutter modelled by the compound K-distribution is examined from a statistical detection viewpoint. Optimum performance is determined for both fixed threshold and ideal constant false alarm rate (CFAR) receivers for targets modelled by Swerling cases 0, 1 and 2. In particular, the performance of dual threshold binary integrators is assessed. The c... View full abstract»

• ### Survey of bistatic and multistatic radar

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):587 - 595
Cited by:  Papers (11)
| | PDF (1077 KB)

A view of the broad subject area of multistatic radar is given in an attempt to clarify the several different terms used for various possible configurations and to classify them. The potential of multistatic systems compared to monostatic ones is listed, and the dependence on different configurations, types of co-operation, implemented techniques, modes of operation and different applications are ... View full abstract»

• ### Comparison between steepest descent and LMS algorithms in adaptive filters

Publication Year: 1987, Page(s):283 - 289
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (713 KB)

It is commonly stated that the least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm for adaptive filters is a stochastic version of the steepest descent (SD) optimisation technique, although little work on comparative studies has been reported. The present paper sets out a detailed theoretical and experimental comparison. Equations are derived for the directional variance of the estimated gradient, and these are the... View full abstract»

• ### Eclipsing effects with high-duty-factor waveforms in long-range radar

Publication Year: 1985, Page(s):598 - 603
Cited by:  Papers (7)
| | PDF (637 KB)

The partial eclipsing of returns in long-range radar with a high-duty-factor waveform is considered, and two eclipsing zones are shown to exist. The effects on clutter levels, by virtue of increased range sidelobes, and on signal/noise ratio, pulsewidth and pulse amplitude are examined. It is shown that the enhancement of range sidelobes caused by eclipsing, and the associated clutter effects, do ... View full abstract»

• ### An easy way to calculate power spectra for digital FM

Publication Year: 1983, Page(s):519 - 526
Cited by:  Papers (25)
| | PDF (836 KB)

A general method for numerical calculation of power spectra for digital FM signals is developed. Arbitrary baseband pulse shape, the modulation index and the number of levels of the data can be used. The probability density function of the statistically independent data symbols can also be chosen arbitrarily. With this method the autocorrelation function is first calculated and then numerically Fo... View full abstract»

• ### Design techniques and performance of digital IFM

Publication Year: 1982, Page(s):154 - 163
Cited by:  Papers (7)
| | PDF (1542 KB)

The digital instantaneous-frequency-measuring receiver using delay-line discriminators was developed in the early 1960s specifically as a wideband and accurate analyser of pulsed radar signals. Various receiver configurations are incorporated in most of the more comprehensive EW systems currently in use. In the paper, the basic operating principles and design philosophy are reviewed, together with... View full abstract»

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):649 - 657
Cited by:  Papers (50)
| | PDF (1311 KB)

The paper discusses the use of illuminators of opportunity¿¿ for bistatic radar systems. Experiments in the London area using the Crystal Palace transmitters are reported, including the use of TV pictures designed to make the transmission more closely resemble a pulsed radar signal. It is shown that the separation of targets from the direct signal and clutter requires extensive signal processing ... View full abstract»

• ### Design and performance of airborne radomes: a review

Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):451 - 464
Cited by:  Papers (4)
| | PDF (1773 KB)

The ever increasing demands on the performance of airborne antennas place comparable demands on the design of the enclosing randome to ensure minimal degradation of the antenna radiation pattern. Radomes for airborne application can be separated into three main categories: large aircraft radomes of either the nose-cone or under-fuselage type, small aircraft radomes often flush mounted to the airfr... View full abstract»

• ### Cryptographic techniques and network security

Publication Year: 1984, Page(s):684 - 694
| | PDF (1704 KB)

In the paper some of the cryptographic techniques, algorithms and applications in computer networks are reviewed. Symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems, possible cryptanalytical attacks, cryptosecurity and the relevance of complexity theory to the security of ciphers are described. The major threats and counter-measures in computer-network communications are outlined. Finally, cryptographic appli... View full abstract»

• ### Spatial correlation in K-distributed sea clutter

Publication Year: 1987, Page(s):526 - 532
Cited by:  Papers (24)
| | PDF (921 KB)

The compound K-distribution model for sea clutter previously described in the literature provides the foundation for a quantitative treatment of the spatial and temporal correlation characteristics of the envelope of clutter returns. In the paper the compound K-distribution model is extended to cover the spatial characteristics of sea clutter. The relationship of these characteristics to the physi... View full abstract»

• ### Suspended substrate stripline filters for ESM applications

Publication Year: 1985, Page(s):257 - 266
Cited by:  Papers (3)
| | PDF (1315 KB)

Multi-octave contiguous channel multiplexers are a key component in EW systems, since they provide the front-end signal sorting. The paper describes advances in the development of broadband, low-loss, selective, lowpass, highpass and bandpass filters and contiguous channel multiplexers from 500 MHz to 26.5 GHz, in the form of suspended substrate stripline (SSS) realisations in particular to increa... View full abstract»

• ### Evaluation of sidelobe-canceller performance

Publication Year: 1982, Page(s):52 - 58
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (754 KB)

A sidelobe canceller (SLC) can be efficiently employed to reduce the effects of jammers on a radar system. The paper deals with the evaluation of SLC performance, taking into account the estimation errors of the weighting coefficients of the auxiliary antennas. An explicit formula for the cancellation is given as a function of the ratio of the closed-loop bandwidth of the adaptive circuits and the... View full abstract»

• ### Application of efficient linear FM matched filtering algorithms to synthetic aperture radar processing

Publication Year: 1985, Page(s):45 - 57
Cited by:  Papers (53)
| | PDF (1716 KB)

The applicability of two relatively new linear FM matched filtering algorithms to the processing of synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) data is examined and compared to the fast-convolution algorithm. The algorithms, called basic spectral analysis and the step transform, use the properties of the linear FM signal to achieve some significant performance improvements. The algorithms are evaluated on the ... View full abstract»

• ### Multistatic radar detection: synthesis and comparison of optimum and suboptimum receivers

Publication Year: 1983, Page(s):484 - 494
Cited by:  Papers (11)
| | PDF (1134 KB)

The paper deals with the design and performance evaluation of optimum and suboptimum multistatic radar receivers. Several detection schemes are considered according to the possible models for the wanted signal: completely known; random phase; Rayleigh amplitude and random phase; and one-dominant-plus-Rayleigh amplitude and random phase. The inherent complexity of the multistatic structure may be a... View full abstract»

• ### Detection of complex and simultanceous signals using an instantaneous frequency measurement receiver

Publication Year: 1985, Page(s):267 - 274
| | PDF (799 KB)

IFM receivers using delay line discriminators for frequency measurement exhibit good performance characteristics in a pulsed signal environment. However, performance degrades for degrades for time-overlapped or complex signals. The paper presents an analysis with experimental verification for signal types such as pulsed, CW, linear FM and phase coded signals. More details are given for the case of... View full abstract»

Publication Year: 1982, Page(s):180 - 186
Cited by:  Papers (2)
| | PDF (1047 KB)

The choice of transform parameters for SAW radar intercept is dictated by the limitations of available digital output stages and by the nature of the input signal, rather than by limitations imposed by the surface-acoustic-wave components. The choice of parameters needed to design a radar-intercept compressive receiver for use in a pulsed-signal environment is discussed, as is the resulting trade... View full abstract»

• ### Tracking systems for satellite communications

Publication Year: 1988, Page(s):393 - 407
Cited by:  Papers (11)
| | PDF (2247 KB)

Satellites in nominally geostationary orbits possess diurnal motion which causes the apparent position of the spacecraft to wander in the sky as seen by an earth station. If uncompensated this causes a variation in the performance of the communications link. The motion of the satellite therefore has to be tracked by the earth station antenna. During the past twenty years or so a considerable amoun... View full abstract»

• ### Cell-averaging CFAR for multiple-target situations

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):176 - 186
Cited by:  Papers (8)
| | PDF (1027 KB)

The performance of a mean-level detector is considered when one or more interfering target returns is present in the set of cells used in estimating the reference level. A serious degradation of detection probability is demonstrated for Swerling target fluctuation models 1 and 3. To alleviate the problem we analyse an alternative procedure. A censoring scheme is proposed whereby samples exceeding ... View full abstract»

• ### Chaff

Publication Year: 1982, Page(s):197 - 201
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (714 KB)

The paper reviews the development of chaff as an electronic-countermeasures (ECM) technique and describes the basic principles of chaff as reflectors of radar waves. The various common types of chaff are described, including their main physical and aerodynamic characteristics. Some illustration of the use of chaff is given in naval and airforce applications. View full abstract»

• ### Overview of detection theory in multistatic radar

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):613 - 623
Cited by:  Papers (11)
| | PDF (1262 KB)

The detection problem with multistatic radar systems is considered, resorting to the theory of detection of coherent target signals having a Gaussian probability density embedded in coherent Gaussian-distributed disturbances (i.e. clutter and/or directional jamming). A novelty of the paper is related to the capability of dealing with any type of time autocorrelation function of both target and dis... View full abstract»

• ### Fifty years of bistatic and multistatic radar

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):596 - 603
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (1262 KB)

The article begins with a review of the history of bistatic and multistatic radars, including the simultaneous introduction of radar technology in several countries during the 1930s and the various areas of technology development pursued by those countries. Technical descriptions are presented of nine different experimental systems. The article continues with a discussion of the potential military... View full abstract»

• ### Angular superresolution with phased array radar: a review of algorithms and operational constraints

Publication Year: 1987, Page(s):53 - 59
Cited by:  Papers (4)
| | PDF (1161 KB)

A number of methods have been suggested to improve spectral or angular resolution. These methods have arisen from quite different fields of application, and are difficult to compare. The paper collects aspects for the application of such methods to the case of angular resolution with a phased array radar. We list the main methods and their properties, and point out constraints for a real radar app... View full abstract»

• ### Tracking function in bistatic and multistatic radar systems

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):630 - 637
Cited by:  Papers (8)
| | PDF (852 KB)

The paper presents a unified view of the tracking algorithms available for multistatic radar systems. The first topic considered is the derivation of tracking algorithms for bistatic radar. Different algorithms can be conceived according to different sets of measurements which may be processed (e.g. the range sum and one angle, or two angles). Mean and standard deviation values of tracking errors ... View full abstract»

• ### Application of a systolic array to adaptive beamforming

Publication Year: 1984, Page(s):638 - 645
Cited by:  Papers (11)
| | PDF (1123 KB)

The paper describes a new technique for adaptive antenna beamforming. By analysing the adaptive antenna as a least-squares problem, it is possible to organise the control processor around a recursive minimisation procedure operating in the data domain. This avoids the explicit computation of the covariance matrix estimate as required by the method known as sample matrix inversion (SMI). The paper ... View full abstract»

• ### Approach to study of PRF sensitivity in airborne pulse-Doppler radar

Publication Year: 1987, Page(s):335 - 340
| | PDF (666 KB)

An approach to the selection of an optimum pulse repetition frequency (PRF) in an airborne pulse-Doppler radar is discussed. A radar simulation program is employed, and this is described in outline. A specific example is presented. View full abstract»

• ### Large signal performance of feedback automatic gain control systems

Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):110 - 117
Cited by:  Papers (5)
| | PDF (805 KB)

Feedback automatic gain control (FBAGC) is used to maintain the mean level of one or more signals throughout a signal processing system at a fixed value. The paper is particularly concerned with the application of FBAGC to receiver design and discusses the problem of attempting to suppress large unwanted envelope variations of an incoming signal without distorting any wanted modulation. A simple f... View full abstract»

• ### Graph theory for image analysis: an approach based on the shortest spanning tree

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):146 - 152
Cited by:  Papers (46)
| | PDF (1183 KB)

The paper describes methods of image segmentation and edge detection based on graph-theoretic representations of images. The image is mapped onto a weighted graph and a spanning tree of this graph is used to describe regions or edges in the image. Edge detection is shown to be a dual problem to segmentation. A number of methods are developed, each providing a different segmentation or edge detecti... View full abstract»

• ### Level crossing rate and average fade duration for time diversity reception in Rayleigh fading conditions

Publication Year: 1988, Page(s):501 - 506
Cited by:  Papers (2)
| | PDF (605 KB)

Time diversity, in which the same data are transmitted several times, is attractive in digital land mobile radio and is simple to implement because only one antenna is required. Expressions for the level crossing rate (LCR) and average fade duration (AFD) are derived in this paper for a system in which each data symbol is transmitted twice (two-branch diversity). As far as LCR is concerned, the ex... View full abstract»

• ### Detection of FSK and DPSK data signals by pulse compression

Publication Year: 1982, Page(s):273 - 280
| | PDF (832 KB)

The paper examines the application of pulse-compression techniques used in radar systems to FSK and PSK detection. Noncoherent FSK and differentially coherent PSK detection schemes using a mixer followed by a pulse-compressor matched filter are investigated. The mixer-PCMF combination, which acts as a predetector processor, converts the FSK modulation into pulse-position modulation and the PSK mod... View full abstract»

• ### Control ordered sonar hardware (cosh)Â¿a hardware based signal processing graph implementation

Publication Year: 1984, Page(s):584 - 592
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (1822 KB)

Current generation sonar acoustic signal processing systems operate at throughputs comparable to those predicted for fifth generation computer systems. Programmable sonar processors are currently deployed that operate with throughputs in excess of 100 million operations per second. These processing speeds are achieved using distributed networks of programmable hardware based primitives which execu... View full abstract»

• ### Distributed radar detection theory

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):55 - 60
Cited by:  Papers (60)
| | PDF (660 KB)

A theory of the distributed detection of radar targets is developed. The radar system employs a number of physically separated peripheral receivers and detectors and a central processor that provides a final decision by combining peripheral decisions rather than decision statistics. Various combining strategies are studied in the context of overall system optimality. It is shown that the optimal d... View full abstract»

• ### Effect of Fresnel ripples on sidelobe suppression in low time-bandwidth product linear FM pulse compression

Publication Year: 1982, Page(s):41 - 44
Cited by:  Papers (10)
| | PDF (457 KB)

The paper discusses the effects of Fresnel ripples on the suppression of peak time sidelobes in low time-bandwidth (TB) product linear-FM pulse compression systems employing internally Hamming weighted compression filters. Two methods for the reduction of these effects are investigated. The first, amplitude tapering of the rectangular FM pulse, yields significantly diminished sidelobes for TB prod... View full abstract»

• ### Theory of radar detection in coherent Weibull clutter

Publication Year: 1987, Page(s):174 - 190
Cited by:  Papers (9)
| | PDF (1847 KB)

The paper deals with the problem of radar detection of a target echo embedded in Weibull clutter and white Gaussian noise (WGN). Relevant features of the paper, with respect to previous papers on the same subject, refer to the coherent nature of the Weibull process (that modelling the clutter) and of the processing chain. In more detail, the in-phase and quadrature components of the clutter echoes... View full abstract»

• ### Power spectral density of digital continuous phase modulation with correlated data symbols. Part 1: Autocorrelation function method

Publication Year: 1986
Cited by:  Papers (2)
| | PDF (1239 KB)

A general method for computing the power spectral density (PSD) of an encoded, continuous phase modulated (CPM) signal with correlated data symbols is presented in the paper. The encoder is a finite-state sequential machine which introduces correlation between symbols transmitted in different time slots. The method used is the so-called autocorrelation function method, in which the autocorrelation... View full abstract»

• ### Singular-value decomposition approach to time series modelling

Publication Year: 1983, Page(s):202 - 210
Cited by:  Papers (19)
| | PDF (1182 KB)

In various signal processing applications, as exemplified by spectral analysis, deconvolution and adaptive filtering, the parameters of a linear recursive model are to be selected so that the model is most¿¿ representative of a given set of time series observations. For many of these applications, the parameters are known to satisfy a theoretical recursive relationship involving the time series' ... View full abstract»

• ### Multitarget interleaved tracking for phased-array radar

Publication Year: 1980, Page(s):312 - 318
Cited by:  Papers (6)
| | PDF (892 KB)

Use of multiple active devices in phased-array radars to generate r.f. power is becoming more interesting, owing to the technical advantages of solid-state components. Because the solid-state components have peak-power limitations instead of the mean-power limitations of traditional components, it is more cost effective to transmit signals with a high duty factor. Furthermore, one of the most impo... View full abstract»

• ### Interrelationship between some statistical distributions used in radio-wave propagation

Publication Year: 1982, Page(s):411 - 417
Cited by:  Papers (7)
| | PDF (627 KB)

Several forms of statistical distributions are used in the study of radio-wave propagation. The paper refers to several of the commoner types, including the one-sided normal, exponential, Rayleigh, gamma, Nakagami-m and Weibull distributions, and shows that they are all simple interrelated forms of the Stacy distribution. View full abstract»

• ### Outage probability calculations for multiple cochannel interferers in cellular mobile radio systems

Publication Year: 1988, Page(s):208 - 215
Cited by:  Papers (30)
| | PDF (898 KB)

The calculation of outage probability is discussed in relation to cochannel interference problems inherent in mature cellular radio systems. Outage probability equations for coverage only and for single cochannel interferer situations are reviewed briefly, and examples of the application of these results to the estimation of the service area of a typical cellular base station are given. An analyti... View full abstract»

• ### Mixed triangulation/trilateration technique for emitter location

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):638 - 641
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (501 KB)

The so-called ghost¿¿ problem which complicates emitter location by triangulation can be circumvented by a mixed triangulation/trilateration technique. The ambiguities in either the spatial or time/frequency domain can be removed by the combined measurement of time difference of arrival (DTOA) and direction of arrival (DOA). The paper describes the concept of a mixed triangulation/trilateration e... View full abstract»

• ### Optimum MSK-type receivers for CPM on Gaussian and Rayleigh fading channels

Publication Year: 1984, Page(s):480 - 490
Cited by:  Papers (35)
| | PDF (1153 KB)

Power efficient schemes with excellent power spectra are contained among the continuous phase modulation (CPM) schemes. This is a constant envelope digital modulation technique, which in general requires a maximum-likelihood sequence detector (Viterbi detector) for efficient detection. This optimum receiver is sometimes complex. In this paper a parallel MSK-type receiver is studied. It is useful f... View full abstract»

• ### Multinotch logic-product polarisation suppression filters: a typical design example and its performance in a rain clutter environment

Publication Year: 1984, Page(s):383 - 396
Cited by:  Papers (8)
| | PDF (1662 KB)

Polarisation filtering is applied in radar systems to improve target detection in adverse environments. Fluctuations of the polarisation states of unwanted incident signals dictate the need for filters that suppress such signals in the polarisation domain and cover a controllable area of polarisation space. This has led to the concept of the multinotch logic-product (MLP)polarisation filter which ... View full abstract»

• ### Adaptivity and design criteria of a latest-generation MTD processor

Publication Year: 1985, Page(s):58 - 65
Cited by:  Papers (4)
| | PDF (875 KB)

A latest-generation or adaptive¿¿ moving target detector (A-MTD) digital processor is described. The A-MTD is based on three banks of filters, to cope with different levels of ground clutter. The paper includes: (i) the technique for the filter design, (ii) the trade-off for the number of bits to represent the filter coefficients (iii) some of the obtained filtering performances (iv) the analysis... View full abstract»

• ### Experimental phased-array radar ELRA: antenna system

Publication Year: 1980, Page(s):285 - 289
Cited by:  Papers (7)
| | PDF (775 KB)

A description of the ELRA phased array radar at FFM in Germany is given. This phased array, comprising separate active transmitting and receiving antennas, acts as a test bed for a wide variety of radar waveforms and signal-processing techniques. Emphasis is placed in the present paper on a description of the array hardware and the test or adjustment procedures used to achieve the desired radiatio... View full abstract»

• ### Optimised bit level systolic array for convolution

Publication Year: 1984, Page(s):632 - 637
Cited by:  Papers (18)
| | PDF (877 KB)

A bit level systolic array for computing the convolution operation is described. The circuit in question is highly regular and ideally suited to VLSI chip design. It is also optimised in the sense that all the cells contribute to the computation on each clock cycle. This makes the array almost four times more efficient than one which was previously described. View full abstract»

• ### High-frequency sonar transducers: a review of current practice

Publication Year: 1984, Page(s):285 - 297
| | PDF (1647 KB)

The paper is a review of current design and constructional practice of conventional high-frequency transducers which make use of piezoelectric plates and discs. The main design technique is based on the concept of the equivalent circuit, and to emphasise the design techniques three contemporary designs of increasing sophistication are detailed. The problems likely to be encountered are discussed. ... View full abstract»