# Communications, Radar and Signal Processing, IEE Proceedings F

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• ### A complex gradient operator and its application in adaptive array theory

Publication Year: 1983, Page(s):11 - 16
Cited by:  Papers (30)
| |PDF (673 KB)

The problem of minimising a real scalar quantity (for example array output power, or mean square error) as a function of a complex vector (the set of weights) frequently arises in adaptive array theory. A complex gradient operator is defined in the paper for this purpose and its use justified. Three examples of its application to array theory problems are given. View full abstract»

• ### Design and performance of airborne radomes: a review

Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):451 - 464
Cited by:  Papers (4)
| |PDF (1773 KB)

The ever increasing demands on the performance of airborne antennas place comparable demands on the design of the enclosing randome to ensure minimal degradation of the antenna radiation pattern. Radomes for airborne application can be separated into three main categories: large aircraft radomes of either the nose-cone or under-fuselage type, small aircraft radomes often flush mounted to the airfr... View full abstract»

• ### The geometry of bistatic radar systems

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):604 - 612
Cited by:  Papers (23)
| |PDF (1056 KB)

Unless the separation between transmitter and receiver is small compared with ranges of interest, bistatic radars have a number of properties which differ significantly from the monostatic equivalents. Some of these produce operational advantages which provide a motivation for deployment, while others merely bring trouble and expense. The paper considers the basic bistatic properties which depend ... View full abstract»

• ### Digital beam forming for radar

Publication Year: 1980, Page(s):266 - 277
Cited by:  Papers (2)
| |PDF (1353 KB)

Development of digital methods for antenna beam forming in the receiving mode of a radar can be advantageous in providing the system with a high degree of flexibility in beam-pattern managementÂ¿ for countering e.c.m. and providing multiple functions efficiently. The justification for incorporating digital methods and various possible arrangements are discussed first. The main body of the paper i... View full abstract»

• ### Digital signal processing for target detection FMCW radar

Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):331 - 336
Cited by:  Papers (3)
| |PDF (717 KB)

The paper describes a method of digital signal processing for extracting and isolating targets in the return signal of an FMCW radar. Digital filtering of the frequency spectrum of the return signal is followed by nonlinear optimisation to detect the presence of multiple targets amid clutter. Results using a practical radar show that the method gives enhanced detection of weak return signals. View full abstract»

• ### Singular-value decomposition approach to time series modelling

Publication Year: 1983, Page(s):202 - 210
Cited by:  Papers (19)
| |PDF (1182 KB)

In various signal processing applications, as exemplified by spectral analysis, deconvolution and adaptive filtering, the parameters of a linear recursive model are to be selected so that the model is most¿¿ representative of a given set of time series observations. For many of these applications, the parameters are known to satisfy a theoretical recursive relationship involving the time series' ... View full abstract»

• ### Introduction to subsurface radar

Publication Year: 1988, Page(s):278 - 320
Cited by:  Papers (34)
| |PDF (8750 KB)

Subsurface radar techniques are increasingly being used for the detection and location of buried artefacts and structures within the upper regions of the earth's surface. The paper reviews the work done to date in this field, laying emphasis on the range of applications and the need for system design to match the intended application. An overall design strategy is outlined, together with a more de... View full abstract»

• ### Signal strength prediction in built-up areas. Part 1: Median signal strength

Publication Year: 1983, Page(s):377 - 384
Cited by:  Papers (9)
| |PDF (959 KB)

Field trials in London between an elevated base station and a mobile moving in the city streets have produced a propagation data base at frequencies between 168 and 900 MHz. Various important parameters such as range, frequency and relative height, together with quantitative measures of the extent of urbanisation, have been used in conjunction with the data base to produce signal strength predicti... View full abstract»

• ### Automatic processing for ESM

Publication Year: 1982, Page(s):164 - 171
Cited by:  Papers (13)
| |PDF (1677 KB)

In the past, radar ESM systems have relied on operator interpretation of measured parameters to provide classification and identification of emitters. However, for rapid response in the dense electromagnetic environments encountered in modern warfare, automatic processing and decision-making techniques are required. In order to identify individual emitters, their pulse trains must be deinterleaved... View full abstract»

• ### Introduction to electronic warfare

Publication Year: 1982, Page(s):113 - 132
Cited by:  Papers (7)
| |PDF (3554 KB)

The paper discusses the overall concept of electronic warfare (EW) and defines its three main subsets: electronic support measures (ESM), electronic countermeasures (ECM) and electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM). The requirements for ESM receivers are reviewed in the context of two specific scenarios: that of intelligence gathering for communications and radar. The different current ESM recei... View full abstract»

• ### Survey of bistatic and multistatic radar

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):587 - 595
Cited by:  Papers (11)
| |PDF (1077 KB)

A view of the broad subject area of multistatic radar is given in an attempt to clarify the several different terms used for various possible configurations and to classify them. The potential of multistatic systems compared to monostatic ones is listed, and the dependence on different configurations, types of co-operation, implemented techniques, modes of operation and different applications are ... View full abstract»

• ### Suspended substrate stripline filters for ESM applications

Publication Year: 1985, Page(s):257 - 266
Cited by:  Papers (3)
| |PDF (1315 KB)

Multi-octave contiguous channel multiplexers are a key component in EW systems, since they provide the front-end signal sorting. The paper describes advances in the development of broadband, low-loss, selective, lowpass, highpass and bandpass filters and contiguous channel multiplexers from 500 MHz to 26.5 GHz, in the form of suspended substrate stripline (SSS) realisations in particular to increa... View full abstract»

• ### Chaff

Publication Year: 1982, Page(s):197 - 201
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| |PDF (714 KB)

The paper reviews the development of chaff as an electronic-countermeasures (ECM) technique and describes the basic principles of chaff as reflectors of radar waves. The various common types of chaff are described, including their main physical and aerodynamic characteristics. Some illustration of the use of chaff is given in naval and airforce applications. View full abstract»

• ### Sensitivity of crystal video receivers

Publication Year: 1985, Page(s):233 - 244
| |PDF (1240 KB)

Tangential sensitivity is shown to be an inadequate criterion for comparing the operational performance of wideband crystal video ESM receivers. By contrast, it is shown that receiver sensitivity¿¿ is completely described by a criterion that specifies a required signal detection probability for a give false-alarm rate. In particular, this alternative criterion is necessary for the correct design ... View full abstract»

• ### Characterisation of radar clutter as a spherically invariant random process

Publication Year: 1987, Page(s):191 - 197
Cited by:  Papers (82)
| |PDF (1028 KB)

A statistical characterisation of clutter as a complex random process is needed in the design of optimum detection schemes. The paper considers modelling complex clutter as a spherically invariant random process (SIRP), namely assuming that its PDFs can be expressed as non-negative definite quadratic forms, a generalisation of a Gaussian process. Relevant properties of SIRPs are summarised, and sh... View full abstract»

• ### Radar detection prediction in sea clutter using the compound K-distribution model

Publication Year: 1985, Page(s):613 - 620
Cited by:  Papers (36)
| |PDF (945 KB)

In the paper the radar detection of targets in sea clutter modelled by the compound K-distribution is examined from a statistical detection viewpoint. Optimum performance is determined for both fixed threshold and ideal constant false alarm rate (CFAR) receivers for targets modelled by Swerling cases 0, 1 and 2. In particular, the performance of dual threshold binary integrators is assessed. The c... View full abstract»

• ### Application of efficient linear FM matched filtering algorithms to synthetic aperture radar processing

Publication Year: 1985, Page(s):45 - 57
Cited by:  Papers (53)
| |PDF (1716 KB)

The applicability of two relatively new linear FM matched filtering algorithms to the processing of synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) data is examined and compared to the fast-convolution algorithm. The algorithms, called basic spectral analysis and the step transform, use the properties of the linear FM signal to achieve some significant performance improvements. The algorithms are evaluated on the ... View full abstract»

• ### Maximum entropy method in image processing

Publication Year: 1984, Page(s):646 - 659
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| |PDF (1827 KB)

Maximum entropy has proved to be an enormously powerful tool for reconstructing images from many types of data. It has a privileged position as the only consistent method for combining different data into a single image. It has been used most spectacularly in radio astronomical interferometry, where it deals routinely with images of up to a million pixels, and high dynamic range. We also give exam... View full abstract»

• ### Position, velocity and acceleration estimates from the noisy radar measurements

Publication Year: 1984, Page(s):167 - 168
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| |PDF (223 KB)

A two-dimensional Kalman tracking filter is described for obtaining optimum estimates of position, velocity and acceleration of an aircraft whose acceleration is perturbed due to manoeuvres and/or other random factors. In a track-while-scan operation, a two-dimensional radar sensor is assumed to measure the range and bearing of the vehicle at uniform sampling intervals of time T seconds through ra... View full abstract»

• ### Spatial correlation in K-distributed sea clutter

Publication Year: 1987, Page(s):526 - 532
Cited by:  Papers (24)
| |PDF (921 KB)

The compound K-distribution model for sea clutter previously described in the literature provides the foundation for a quantitative treatment of the spatial and temporal correlation characteristics of the envelope of clutter returns. In the paper the compound K-distribution model is extended to cover the spatial characteristics of sea clutter. The relationship of these characteristics to the physi... View full abstract»

• ### A survey of one-coincidence sequences for frequency-hopped spread-spectrum systems

Publication Year: 1984, Page(s):719 - 724
Cited by:  Papers (24)
| |PDF (767 KB)

Sequences are often used as a basis for code division multiplexing. In order that minimum interference from other users should occur, it is important that the sequences used should have good cross-correlation properties. Various sets of sequences have been derived with appropriate properties, but the sources have been well dispersed within the literature. In the paper are collected six of the most... View full abstract»

• ### Special problems associated with aircraft radomes

Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):412 - 418
| |PDF (1231 KB)

The paper discusses the design and manufacturing aspects of nose radomes for high-speed aircraft. Aircraft radomes are an acceptable comprise of the conflict between the electrical, structural, environmental and aerodynamic requirements. The paper reviews the requirements placed on the design and summarises the basic radome design and construction methods, as applied in current radome technology, ... View full abstract»

• ### Intercept time and its prediction

Publication Year: 1985, Page(s):215 - 220
Cited by:  Papers (6)
| |PDF (927 KB)

Intercept time is a key factor in the performance of electronic warfare (EW) surveillance and reconnaissance equipments. Interception relates to the probability of time coincidence of two or more parametric windows; scanning antennas, sweeping or stepping receivers and frequency-agile emitters give examples of such windows, where alignment or coincidence is required before detection can occur. For... View full abstract»

• ### Jaguar-V frequency-hopping radio system

Publication Year: 1982, Page(s):213 - 222
Cited by:  Papers (6)
| |PDF (1363 KB)

The electronic threat to VHF tactical communications systems is reviewed, and possible counter-measures are discussed. The principles of the Jaguar-V frequency-hopping system are described, together with some aspects of the radio-system design and technical features of its implementation. Operational aspects of system performance are also discussed. View full abstract»

• ### Cell-averaging CFAR for multiple-target situations

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):176 - 186
Cited by:  Papers (8)
| |PDF (1027 KB)

The performance of a mean-level detector is considered when one or more interfering target returns is present in the set of cells used in estimating the reference level. A serious degradation of detection probability is demonstrated for Swerling target fluctuation models 1 and 3. To alleviate the problem we analyse an alternative procedure. A censoring scheme is proposed whereby samples exceeding ... View full abstract»

• ### Distributed radar detection theory

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):55 - 60
Cited by:  Papers (60)
| |PDF (660 KB)

A theory of the distributed detection of radar targets is developed. The radar system employs a number of physically separated peripheral receivers and detectors and a central processor that provides a final decision by combining peripheral decisions rather than decision statistics. Various combining strategies are studied in the context of overall system optimality. It is shown that the optimal d... View full abstract»

• ### Application of the principle of dyadic symmetry to the generation of orthogonal transforms

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):264 - 270
Cited by:  Papers (6)
| |PDF (707 KB)

Two new transforms which can be used as substitutes for the Walsh transform are generated using the theory of dyadic symmetry. The new transforms have virtually the same complexity and computational requirements as the Walsh transform, employing additions, subtractions and binary shifts only, but have an efficiency, defined in terms of their ability to decorrelate signal data, which lies between t... View full abstract»

• ### Performance evaluation of the modified FBLP method for angle of arrival estimation using real radar multipath data

Publication Year: 1985, Page(s):159 - 174
Cited by:  Papers (9)
| |PDF (1271 KB)

The paper presents the results of a detailed evaluation of the modified forward-backward linear prediction (FBLP) method used for angle of arrival estimation in a low-angle tracking radar environment. The results are based on real radar data pertaining to an angular separation of less than one standard beamwidth between the direct and image components impinging on the radar antenna. The results co... View full abstract»

• ### Optimum MSK-type receivers for CPM on Gaussian and Rayleigh fading channels

Publication Year: 1984, Page(s):480 - 490
Cited by:  Papers (35)
| |PDF (1153 KB)

Power efficient schemes with excellent power spectra are contained among the continuous phase modulation (CPM) schemes. This is a constant envelope digital modulation technique, which in general requires a maximum-likelihood sequence detector (Viterbi detector) for efficient detection. This optimum receiver is sometimes complex. In this paper a parallel MSK-type receiver is studied. It is useful f... View full abstract»

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):649 - 657
Cited by:  Papers (50)
| |PDF (1311 KB)

The paper discusses the use of illuminators of opportunity¿¿ for bistatic radar systems. Experiments in the London area using the Crystal Palace transmitters are reported, including the use of TV pictures designed to make the transmission more closely resemble a pulsed radar signal. It is shown that the separation of targets from the direct signal and clutter requires extensive signal processing ... View full abstract»

• ### Theory of radar detection in coherent Weibull clutter

Publication Year: 1987, Page(s):174 - 190
Cited by:  Papers (9)
| |PDF (1847 KB)

The paper deals with the problem of radar detection of a target echo embedded in Weibull clutter and white Gaussian noise (WGN). Relevant features of the paper, with respect to previous papers on the same subject, refer to the coherent nature of the Weibull process (that modelling the clutter) and of the processing chain. In more detail, the in-phase and quadrature components of the clutter echoes... View full abstract»

• ### Microwave propagation in sand and dust storms

Publication Year: 1982, Page(s):315 - 322
Cited by:  Papers (12)
| |PDF (872 KB)

The theoretical prediction of propagation in precipitation conditions has received much attention in the literature, but in some parts of the world sand and dust storms occur more frequently. In the paper, we attempt to place bounds on the likely effects of sand and dust storms, particularly attenuation and depolarisation in the 3¿¿37 GHz frequency range covering most of the existing and planned o... View full abstract»

• ### Ship velocity determination by Doppler and correlation techniques

Publication Year: 1984, Page(s):315 - 326
Cited by:  Papers (5)
| |PDF (1487 KB)

Traditional speed measuring devices have been largely replaced by the acoustic Doppler log. This can make measurements of velocity relative to the sea bed, but only in modest operating depths. Greater depths can be attained using the correlation log. This is not yet an established technique, and the principles of the design parameters for a satisfactory system are discussed. View full abstract»

• ### Suppression of ground and weather clutter

Publication Year: 1981, Page(s):175 - 178
Cited by:  Papers (5)
| |PDF (490 KB)

It is shown that Weibull-distributed weather clutter obeys a Weibull distribution after passing through a moving target indicator (MTI) processor realised by a double canceller. Both ground and weather clutter can be thus suppressed by using the method of MTI and new Weibull constant false alarm rate (CFAR) systems. View full abstract»

• ### Tracking systems for satellite communications

Publication Year: 1988, Page(s):393 - 407
Cited by:  Papers (11)
| |PDF (2247 KB)

Satellites in nominally geostationary orbits possess diurnal motion which causes the apparent position of the spacecraft to wander in the sky as seen by an earth station. If uncompensated this causes a variation in the performance of the communications link. The motion of the satellite therefore has to be tracked by the earth station antenna. During the past twenty years or so a considerable amoun... View full abstract»

• ### Some philosophical aspects of signal processing

Publication Year: 1980, Page(s):67 - 75
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| |PDF (1210 KB)

Signal processing is viewed as a succession of conformal mappings to match the data to appropriate aspects of the signal, the noise/interference environment, the propagation medium or the intended ultimate use of the received data. These mappings are found to be subject to certain fundamental limiting equations. From this approach, a number of general design guidelines are adduced. The limiting in... View full abstract»

• ### Fifty years of bistatic and multistatic radar

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):596 - 603
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| |PDF (1262 KB)

The article begins with a review of the history of bistatic and multistatic radars, including the simultaneous introduction of radar technology in several countries during the 1930s and the various areas of technology development pursued by those countries. Technical descriptions are presented of nine different experimental systems. The article continues with a discussion of the potential military... View full abstract»

• ### Channelised receiver. A viable solution for EW and ESM systems

Publication Year: 1982, Page(s):172 - 179
Cited by:  Papers (3)
| |PDF (1251 KB)

The requirements of EW and ESM receivers continue to become more and more demanding. The channelised receiver is one receiver type that can often meet, or exceed, these demanding requirements. The paper presents discussion suggesting that he recent success of the channelised receiver is largely due to technology advances in areas such as surface-acoustic-wave filters, microprocessors and microwave... View full abstract»

• ### Military aeronautical satellite communications

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):411 - 419
| |PDF (1421 KB)

The paper describes the development of Europe's first super high frequency (SHF) military aircraft satellite communications (aerosatcoms¿¿) terminal. This development marks the accelerating international interest in both civil and military aerosatcoms which has been spurred by recent advances in space, microwave, modulation and antenna technologies. The paper examines the impact of these advances... View full abstract»

• ### Transmit and receive filters for QPSK signals to optimise the performance on linear and hard-limited channels

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):345 - 355
Cited by:  Papers (8)
| |PDF (1485 KB)

Bandlimited offset QPSK systems are analysed and attempts are made to find new combinations of transmit and receive filters which give improved performance trade-offs when compared with recently proposed filters such as quadrature overlapped raised-cosine (QORC) and squared raised-cosine (QOSRC), and superposed quadrature amplitude modulation (SQAM). The filters are based on finite impulse respons... View full abstract»

• ### ESM processor system for high pulse density radar environments

Publication Year: 1985, Page(s):621 - 625
Cited by:  Papers (8)
| |PDF (692 KB)

A radar ESM system performs two functions: warning of impending threats and surveillance to determine radar activities. Automatic radar ESM systems are passive radar receivers which receive emissions from other platforms, measure the parameters of each pulse received and thus sort the emissions to enable determination of the radar parameters for each emitter. These parameters are then compared wit... View full abstract»

• ### Design techniques and performance of digital IFM

Publication Year: 1982, Page(s):154 - 163
Cited by:  Papers (7)
| |PDF (1542 KB)

The digital instantaneous-frequency-measuring receiver using delay-line discriminators was developed in the early 1960s specifically as a wideband and accurate analyser of pulsed radar signals. Various receiver configurations are incorporated in most of the more comprehensive EW systems currently in use. In the paper, the basic operating principles and design philosophy are reviewed, together with... View full abstract»

• ### Bit-level systolic array implementation of the winograd fourier transform algorithm

Publication Year: 1985, Page(s):473 - 479
Cited by:  Papers (4)
| |PDF (877 KB)

A bit level systolic array system is proposed for the Winograd Fourier transform algorithm. The design uses bit-serial arithmetic and, in common with other systolic arrays, features nearest-neighbour interconnections, regularity and high throughput. The short interconnections in this method contrast favourably with the long interconnections between butterflies required in the FFT. The structure is... View full abstract»

• ### Systolic implementations for deconvolution, DFT and FFT

Publication Year: 1985, Page(s):466 - 472
Cited by:  Papers (11)
| |PDF (875 KB)

The paper presents a number of systolic configurations for computing deconvolutions and discrete Fourier transformations. Two approaches to deconvolution are considered: a time-domain approach, which is based on a systolic inversion of an associated Toeplitz matrix, generated by a wavefront propagation of the known system response, while the other approach, which is in the frequency domain, utilis... View full abstract»

Publication Year: 1982, Page(s):180 - 186
Cited by:  Papers (2)
| |PDF (1047 KB)

The choice of transform parameters for SAW radar intercept is dictated by the limitations of available digital output stages and by the nature of the input signal, rather than by limitations imposed by the surface-acoustic-wave components. The choice of parameters needed to design a radar-intercept compressive receiver for use in a pulsed-signal environment is discussed, as is the resulting trade... View full abstract»

• ### Effect of Fresnel ripples on sidelobe suppression in low time-bandwidth product linear FM pulse compression

Publication Year: 1982, Page(s):41 - 44
Cited by:  Papers (10)
| |PDF (457 KB)

The paper discusses the effects of Fresnel ripples on the suppression of peak time sidelobes in low time-bandwidth (TB) product linear-FM pulse compression systems employing internally Hamming weighted compression filters. Two methods for the reduction of these effects are investigated. The first, amplitude tapering of the rectangular FM pulse, yields significantly diminished sidelobes for TB prod... View full abstract»

• ### Adaptive airborne MTI: an auxiliary channel approach

Publication Year: 1987, Page(s):269 - 276
Cited by:  Papers (33)
| |PDF (943 KB)

The suppression of ground clutter returns received by an airborne radar is basically a two-dimensional filtering problem, because the clutter echoes depend on two parameters (velocity, azimuth) instead of velocity only as in case of ground-based radars. This requires two-dimensional sampling (in space and time) of the backscattered echo field, which in practice is fulfilled by a coherent pulse Dop... View full abstract»

• ### Sidescan sonar

Publication Year: 1984, Page(s):243 - 256
Cited by:  Papers (11)
| |PDF (2591 KB)

The paper starts with a review of sidescan imagery and the history of sidescan sonar and continues with the acoustic and technical factors affecting the sonar design for any specified application. There follows a description of present-day applications in the civilian field, and the paper ends with discussion of possible future developments. View full abstract»

• ### Side-looking sonar or radar using phase difference monopulse techniques. Coherent and noncoherent applications

Publication Year: 1983, Page(s):392 - 398
Cited by:  Papers (4)
| |PDF (865 KB)

Although coherent synthetic apertures are common in radar, coherent apertures in sonar are difficult to synthesise with a single moving element owing to positional uncertainty and the very imperfect nature of the sonar propagation medium. The two techniques described in the paper show how a pair of receivers coupled in a phase-difference or phase-comparison monopulse configuration can reduce the e... View full abstract»

• ### Electronic steering of antenna nulls for interference reduction

Publication Year: 1983, Page(s):417 - 422
| |PDF (956 KB)

The paper reports on theory, tests and design of a low-cost broadband radio-frequency device that combines signals from two antennas to selectively null interfering signals. The theory and analysis of limitations pertain to both manual and adaptive null control devices. Tests illustrate cases in which nulling works well and those where propagation features limit null effectiveness. An important re... View full abstract»