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# IEE Proceedings C - Generation, Transmission and Distribution

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• ### Vector analysis and control of advanced static VAr compensators

Publication Year: 1993, Page(s):299 - 306
Cited by:  Papers (300)  |  Patents (2)
| | PDF (614 KB)

The advanced static Var compensator (now widely known as the static condenser or STATCON) uses a high power self-commutating inverter to draw reactive current from a transmission line. Two fundamentally different types of invertor can be used for this purpose, one providing control of output voltage magnitude and phase angle, and the other having only phase angle control. For each of these types, ... View full abstract»

• ### Unified power-flow control concept for flexible AC transmission systems

Publication Year: 1992, Page(s):323 - 331
Cited by:  Papers (396)  |  Patents (2)
| | PDF (904 KB)

The author outlines the technical and economic factors which characterise the uniform, all solid-state power-flow controller approach for real-time controlled, flexible AC transmission systems. The unified power-flow controller in its general form can provide simultaneous, real-time control of all basic power system parameters (transmission voltage, impedance, and phase angle), or any combinations... View full abstract»

• ### Accurate fault location technique for power transmission lines

Publication Year: 1990, Page(s):395 - 402
Cited by:  Papers (91)  |  Patents (5)
| | PDF (652 KB)

The authors describe a very accurate fault location technique which uses post-fault voltage and current derived at both line ends. Fault location is independent of fault resistance and the method does not require any knowledge of source impedance. It maintains high accuracy for untransposed lines and no fault type identification is required. The authors present the theory of the technique and the ... View full abstract»

• ### Ferroresonance in power systems: fundamental solutions

Publication Year: 1991, Page(s):321 - 329
Cited by:  Papers (38)
| | PDF (612 KB)

Ferroresonance can occur in power transformers or reactors fed through capacitive coupling from neighbouring phases or lines. Ritz's method of harmonic balance is used to formulate an analytical solution to the problem of fundamental frequency ferroresonance. A two-term polynomial of order 11 is used to accurately represent the magnetisation characteristic of a typical high-voltage power transform... View full abstract»

• ### Review of distribution system planning models: a model for optimal multistage planning

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):397 - 408
| | PDF (1259 KB)

A representative set of electric power distribution system planning models published in the literature has been reviewed. The models have been classified according to their characteristics, from the point of view of stages of the plan and overall time span; the methods of treating distribution feeders and/or substations in terms of cost representation, location and sizing problems; radiality and v... View full abstract»

• ### State forecasting in electric power systems

Publication Year: 1983, Page(s):237 - 244
Cited by:  Papers (14)
| | PDF (896 KB)

The state vector of a power system varies with time owing to the dynamic nature of system loads. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a dynamic model for the time evolution of the state vector. The dynamic state estimation approach consists of predicting the state vector based on past estimations, followed by a filtering process performed when a new set of measurements is available. This paper ... View full abstract»

• ### Calculation of self and mutual impedances between sections of transformer windings

Publication Year: 1989, Page(s):308 - 314
Cited by:  Papers (40)
| | PDF (667 KB)

The author shows how a new frequency-dependent impedance formula, derived on the assumption of a solid homogeneous core, may be adapted to permit calculation of the self and mutual impedances of coil sections on a practical transformer core. Experimental measurements, in comparison with calculated values, show that the effects of the laminations can be accurately simulated by using two distinct re... View full abstract»

• ### Direct solution of distribution systems

Publication Year: 1991, Page(s):78 - 88
Cited by:  Papers (52)
| | PDF (869 KB)

The authors report on a direct power flow solution technique for radial distribution networks. The special topology of distribution networks has been fully exploited to make direct solution possible. A unique branch and node numbering scheme is proposed to achieve storage and computational economy. Composite load characteristics can be easily modelled. The method developed is extended for meshed a... View full abstract»

• ### Analysis of self-excited induction generators

Publication Year: 1982, Page(s):260 - 265
Cited by:  Papers (98)
| | PDF (663 KB)

An analytical technique using the Newton-Raphson¿¿ method is presented to identify the saturated magnetising reactance and the generated frequency of a self-excited induction generator for a given capacitance, speed and load. The technique is shown to be very efficient in analysing such systems under steady state. Computed results are compared with the experimentally obtained values on a laborato... View full abstract»

• ### A review of paper aging in power transformers

Publication Year: 1985, Page(s):312 - 319
Cited by:  Papers (52)
| | PDF (892 KB)

As part of a comprehensive study of transformer behaviour, the factors which control the aging processes in transformer paper have been reviewed experimentally. Three different types of paper have been used: 60/40 manilla/wood, all-wood and thermally upgraded paper. Aging has been done in vitro under oil in atmospheres of nitrogen and air with controlled water contents. The aging temperatures were... View full abstract»

• ### Method for generation rescheduling and load shedding to alleviate line overloads using local optimisation

Publication Year: 1993, Page(s):337 - 342
Cited by:  Papers (21)
| | PDF (475 KB)

The alleviation of emergency transmission line overload is a critical problem in power system operation. A method is presented for generation rescheduling and load shedding to alleviate line overloads, with the help of a local optimisation concept. The method developed is superior to existing methods, as the new secure operating point is obtained for all line overload cases efficiently, and a sign... View full abstract»

• ### Dynamic state estimation including anomaly detection and identification for power systems

Publication Year: 1982, Page(s):192 - 198
Cited by:  Papers (21)
| | PDF (859 KB)

A novel method for detecting and identifying three fundamental anomalies, i.e. occurrence of bad data, changes in network configuration and sudden variation of states, in dynamic state estimation for electric power systems is proposed. Examination of innovation processes in the Kalman filter is appropriately used in each step of the detection of anomalies, discrimination between anomalies and appl... View full abstract»

• ### Travelling-wave-based protection of double-circuit lines

Publication Year: 1993, Page(s):37 - 47
Cited by:  Papers (12)
| | PDF (832 KB)

Double-circuit current comparison protection (DCCCP) is an algorithm for travelling-wave-based protection of a double-circuit high-voltage line. It uses the balance between the two circuits to distinguish between an internal fault and an external disturbance. To prevent incorrect trips superimposed currents are used, and the relay has to be blocked after detecting an external disturbance. The sett... View full abstract»

• ### Identification of generalized models of synchronous machines from time-domain tests

Publication Year: 1991, Page(s):485 - 498
Cited by:  Papers (38)
| | PDF (1201 KB)

Recent developments have shown that numerical models of synchronous machines are, in many cases, improved by introducing an increased number of dampers or dynamic constants. The major issues affecting the model identification by such an extension, which in fact becomes necessary when the machine possesses a solid rotor are discussed from a time-domain point of view. The first result is that all me... View full abstract»

• ### Heuristic multi-area unit commitment with economic dispatch

Publication Year: 1991, Page(s):242 - 252
Cited by:  Papers (22)
| | PDF (762 KB)

An improved multi-area unit commitment and economic dispatch algorithm is proposed. The approach supplements the traditional dynamic programming unit commitment with heuristic adjustments to refine the commitment schedule in each area. A global economic dispatch scheme coordinates the transactions between areas. A new tie-line constraint checking is included which is simple and effective. The over... View full abstract»

• ### Transient stability margin prediction using equal-area criterion

Publication Year: 1993, Page(s):96 - 104
Cited by:  Papers (11)
| | PDF (762 KB)

The authors present an extension of the equal-area criterion for multimachine systems and applies it to the determination of the transient stability margin (TSM) of critically disturbed machines, for a given contingency, for real-time applications. This can be considered as a continuation of the transient stability assessment which normally does not report the TSM quantitatively. The method has be... View full abstract»

• ### Fundamental aspects of fault location algorithms used in distance protection

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):359 - 368
Cited by:  Papers (8)
| | PDF (1107 KB)

The paper considers fundamental problems involved in the precise location of faults on high-voltage transmission lines. The influence of pre-fault load on the distance-to-fault measurement problem is analysed and a new method of accounting for load effects is presented. Two of the algorithms considered are precise, containing no simplifying assumptions and their overall accuracy is limited only by... View full abstract»

• ### Transmission-line overloads: real-time control

Publication Year: 1987, Page(s):342 - 347
| | PDF (842 KB)

Any disturbance causing a transmissionline overload creates an operational situation which must be quickly controlled. If the line should trip, there is a great danger of cascade tripping of lines, thus leading to system breakup. Five different levels of overload are identified and methods are proposed for an automatic reduction of these transmission-line overloads. The adopted approach recognises... View full abstract»

• ### Calculation of the losses in three-phase transformer tanks

Publication Year: 1980, Page(s):20 - 25
Cited by:  Papers (3)
| | PDF (554 KB)

An analytical method for the calculation of stray load losses in three-phase transformer tanks is presented. Curvature of the winding, real shape of the tank, three-phase excitation, hysteresis and nonlinearity are taken into account. The influence of hysteresis and nonlinearity is taken into account by the so-called complex permeability. The calculated losses are in good agreement with experiment... View full abstract»

• ### Network parameter estimation using online data with application to transformer tap position estimation

Publication Year: 1988, Page(s):31 - 40
Cited by:  Papers (12)
| | PDF (1012 KB)

The authors deal with the estimation of parameters involved in the classical steady-state modelling of network elements within the context of power system state estimation. A general method is proposed for the identification and correction of the real-time data, based on the sensitivity relationship between the measurement residuals and the parameter error; this relationship is treated as an estim... View full abstract»

• ### Optimisation of load-frequency control parameters for power systems with reheat steam turbines and governor deadband nonlinearity

Publication Year: 1982, Page(s):10 - 16
Cited by:  Papers (12)
| | PDF (598 KB)

In the paper a systemic method of choosing the frequency bias parameter and the integrator gain of the supplementary control is presented by using the Lyapunov technique. The reheat effect of the steam turbines is considered in the state space model. The effect of governor deadband nonlinearity is considered by using the describing function approach and including the linearised equations in the st... View full abstract»

• ### Representation of non-Gaussian probability distributions in stochastic load-flow studies by the method of Gaussian sum approximations

Publication Year: 1983, Page(s):165 - 171
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (713 KB)

The stochastic load flow (SLF) is extended to include non-Gaussian long-term¿¿ nodal probability-density-function (PDF) data by replacing each non-Gaussian PDF with a `Gaussian sum¿¿ approximation. A series of SLFs (stochastic load flows) are then performed and the results recombined, with the correct weightings, to generate non-Gaussian PDF profiles for busbars and lines of interest. Generally l... View full abstract»

• ### Transient overvoltages on power systems

Publication Year: 1986, Page(s):201 - 225
Cited by:  Papers (7)
| | PDF (4010 KB)

Power systems are subjected to many forms of transient phenomena brought about essentially by sudden changes in the steady state values of voltages or currents. Such changes may be the result of a lightning stroke, some malfunction of the system or be brought about by the switching of a circuit either to clear a fault or as a normal operational procedure. To be practical the scope of the review ha... View full abstract»

• ### Statistical analysis of electric-arc-furnace parameter variations

Publication Year: 1985, Page(s):82 - 93
Cited by:  Papers (5)
| | PDF (1536 KB)

During scrap melting, electric-arc-furnace parameters such as voltage and current, real and reactive power, resistance and reactance etc. exhibit significant variations about longer term mean values. The parameters can be considered to be random variables. The statistical properties of the parameter variations have been evaluated in this paper using data recorded on two 65 MVA furnaces. It is show... View full abstract»

• ### Fuzzy expert systems: an application to short-term load forecasting

Publication Year: 1992, Page(s):471 - 477
Cited by:  Papers (28)
| | PDF (664 KB)

An expert system using fuzzy set theory is presented for short-term load forecasting. Since most statistical methods for short-term load forecasting rely heavily on weather variables and statistical models, errors may appear in the forecasted hourly loads due to uncertainties in weather variables and statistical models. thus, to have better accuracy, the operators in many utilities try to update t... View full abstract»

• ### Phase-shifting transformers in load flow and short-circuit analysis: modelling and control

Publication Year: 1993, Page(s):331 - 336
Cited by:  Papers (8)  |  Patents (3)
| | PDF (474 KB)

A new accurate model representing phase-shifting transformers for both load flow and fault analysis is introduced. The model is simple, efficient and numerically stable. The theoretical basis of the model and the practical procedures of implementation for the fast-decoupled load flow method and short-circuit calculation are presented. The model described was implemented in the Interactive Power Sy... View full abstract»

• ### Open wye-open delta and open delta-open delta transformer models for rigorous distribution system analysis

Publication Year: 1992, Page(s):227 - 234
Cited by:  Papers (13)
| | PDF (447 KB)

The authors present mathematical models of open wye-open delta and open delta-open delta transformers for rigorous distribution system studies. The copper and core losses, winding connection, phase angular displacement between primary and secondary windings, and off-nominal tapping are all taken into account in the proposed models. Because open wye-open delta and open delta-open delta transformer ... View full abstract»

• ### Robust load-frequency controller design for power systems

Publication Year: 1993, Page(s):11 - 16
Cited by:  Papers (45)
| | PDF (328 KB)

A robust controller, based on the Riccati equation approach, is proposed for power system load-frequency control. Only the bounds of the system parameters are required to design the robust load-frequency controller. The proposed robust controller is simple, effective and can ensure that the overall system is asymptotically stable for all admissable uncertainties. Simulation results show that, for ... View full abstract»

• ### New contingency ranking technique incorporating a voltage stability criterion

Publication Year: 1993, Page(s):87 - 90
Cited by:  Papers (21)
| | PDF (346 KB)

A new technique for ranking outages in power systems is presented. Traditional methods for ranking are limited to cases where the system state under the respective contingency condition can be simulated. Cases where a load-flow solution is unobtainable are unexplained. The new method presented can similarly rank all cases of contingencies, and cases that can cause voltage instability and system co... View full abstract»

• ### Competitive bidding in electricity supply

Publication Year: 1993, Page(s):421 - 426
Cited by:  Papers (43)  |  Patents (4)
| | PDF (491 KB)

As significant additional capacity comes on line in the United Kingdom, a genuine commercially competitive electricity supply market will gradually replace the prevailing somewhat artificial 'market' conditions. In genuinely competitive conditions, several producers compete to win a share of the market and bid against each other to supply the grid. The prices bid by suppliers for blocks of generat... View full abstract»

• ### Application of power system stabilisers on the Anglo-Scottish interconnection. Testing of power system stabilisers

Publication Year: 1988, Page(s):251 - 254
| | PDF (416 KB)

The author describes techniques and instrumentation used to test power system stabilisers installed on 660 MW generators on the SSEB power system. The stabilisers were installed to improve damping of interarea mode oscillations, which had a characteristic frequency of around 0.5 Hz. The author describes tests used to prove that the damping of other oscillatory modes (the local mode and intermachin... View full abstract»

• ### Cost/benefit approach to establish optimum adequacy level for generating system planning

Publication Year: 1988, Page(s):81 - 87
Cited by:  Papers (9)
| | PDF (634 KB)

There is an increasing worldwide interest in economic optimisation approaches for power system expansion and reliability planning. The optimality condition simply intends that the marginal dollar spent to improve service reliability should yield the same benefits to consumers. The application of basic adequacy assessment concepts to generating capacity evaluation is relatively straightforward and ... View full abstract»

• ### Application of series-capacitor and shunt-reactor compensation to an existing practical AC transmission line

Publication Year: 1991, Page(s):330 - 336
| | PDF (516 KB)

The author presents a proposed methodology for finding the degrees of series-capacitor and shunt-reactor compensation used to increase the power transfer capability of the overhead power transmission existing rights of way and to get adequate control of steady-state voltage and reactive power requirements. The proposed methodology is based on assumed system design criteria and takes into considera... View full abstract»

• ### Use of frequency-scan techniques for subsynchronous-resonance analysis of a practical series-capacitor compensated AC network

Publication Year: 1983, Page(s):28 - 40
Cited by:  Papers (3)
| | PDF (1319 KB)

Several utilities in the Mid-Continent Area Power Pool (MAPP) have planned to build the MANDAN Project, a proposed series-capacitor compensated 500 kV AC transmission international interconnection to be run from the Dorsey Substation near Winnipeg. Manitoba, Canada, to the Hoskins substation near Norfolk, Nebraska, United States, with intermediate taps in the United States in North Dakota near Val... View full abstract»

• ### Optimal power flow solutions using the gradient projection method. II. Modelling of the power system equations

Publication Year: 1990, Page(s):429 - 435
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (584 KB)

For pt.I see ibid., vol.137, pt.C, no.6, p.424 (1990). The authors look at the application of nonlinear programming particularly the gradient projection method (GPM), to optimal power flow (OPF) problems. Four objectives are chosen to illustrate the flexibility of the method with respect to the analytical formulation: the active power dispatch; the active power transmission loss minimisation; the ... View full abstract»

• ### Generalised transformer model based on the analysis of its magnetic core circuit

Publication Year: 1993, Page(s):269 - 278
Cited by:  Papers (18)
| | PDF (763 KB)

A new transformer model, named 'geometrical', is developed, based on the circuit analysis of its magnetic core. The method is general and can be used for any type of multiphase multiwinding transformer. The model simulates the transformer as a set of coupled branches and can be incorporated into the widely known electromagnetic transients program (EMTP). A basic advantage of the model is that it c... View full abstract»

• ### Identification of optimum location for stabiliser applications using participation factors

Publication Year: 1987, Page(s):238 - 244
Cited by:  Papers (31)
| | PDF (810 KB)

The paper presents a novel approach for the identification of the optimum site for power-system stabilisers. The proposed method makes use of participation factors to locate the generator in a multimachine power system which is most effective in damping enhancement using power-system stabilisers. A comparative study between the proposed approach and the conventional eigenvector method has been per... View full abstract»

• ### Voltage collapse proximity indicator: behaviour and implications

Publication Year: 1992, Page(s):241 - 252
Cited by:  Papers (40)
| | PDF (900 KB)

With the increased loading and exploitation of the power transmission system, the problem of voltage stability and voltage collapse attracts more and more attention. A voltage collapse can take place in systems or subsystems, and can appear quite abruptly. Continuous monitoring of the system state is therefore required. The authors discuss the problem of voltage stability, and investigate a propos... View full abstract»

• ### Stability of loadflow techniques for distribution system voltage stability analysis

Publication Year: 1991, Page(s):479 - 484
Cited by:  Papers (12)
| | PDF (379 KB)

Loadflow techniques are widely used in the planning and daily operation of power systems including that of the on-line monitoring of distribution system operation. The performance of three loadflow techniques is investigated in their ability to analyse distribution network loadflows. The criterion for voltage instability is presented and the ability of the three loadflow techniques to predict it i... View full abstract»

• ### Prediction of power system frequency response after generator outages using neural nets

Publication Year: 1993, Page(s):389 - 398
Cited by:  Papers (11)
| | PDF (833 KB)

A new methodology is presented for estimating the frequency behaviour of power systems necessary for an indication of under-frequency load shedding in steady-state security assessment. The under-frequency load shedding takes place during the beginning of a dynamic change of the system frequency initiated by these disturbances. The authors examine the ability of neural nets to properly interpolate ... View full abstract»

• ### Estimation of transformer winding temperatures and coolant flows using a general network method

Publication Year: 1980, Page(s):395 - 405
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (993 KB)

The windings of large modern transformers are generally cooled by pumping oil through a network of ducts in the winding. The resulting value of the hottest conductor temperature and the position it occurs in the winding are important parameters in the design and operation of a transformer. There is a standard method for estimating the value of this hot spot but there is very little information on ... View full abstract»

• ### Decomposed three-phase power flow solution using the sequence component frame

Publication Year: 1993, Page(s):181 - 188
Cited by:  Papers (29)
| | PDF (557 KB)

With new developments in power systems, system unbalance is somewhat aggravated. Three-phase analysis of power systems is necessary both for planning and for monitoring. In the paper, a decomposed three-phase AC power flow algorithm using the sequence component frame is developed, in which a three-phase unbalanced power flow problem is decomposed into three separate subproblems with weak mutuality... View full abstract»

• ### New technique for optimal reactive-power allocation for loss minimisation in power systems

Publication Year: 1983, Page(s):178 - 182
Cited by:  Papers (4)
| | PDF (627 KB)

The paper presents an efficient method for minimising power losses and for improving the voltage profile of a large power system. This is accomplished by optimal allocation of reactive-power generation in the system by changing generator voltages and transformer tap settings. The problem is formulated as an optimisation problem, suitable for solution by the linear-programming technique. The advant... View full abstract»

• ### Computer prediction of IDMT relay settings and performance for interconnected power systems

Publication Year: 1983, Page(s):139 - 147
Cited by:  Papers (3)
| | PDF (968 KB)

The application of the inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) overcurrent relay to power system protection is reviewed, and the present methods for determining its settings are briefly described. A computer program to calculate relay settings based on a generalised procedure, and therefore suitable for both radial and interconnected ring systems, is then proposed. Its application to a specific inter... View full abstract»

• ### Optimum selection of speed regulation parameters for automatic generation control in discrete mode considering generation rate constraints

Publication Year: 1991, Page(s):401 - 406
Cited by:  Papers (14)
| | PDF (410 KB)

The authors deal with the optimum selection of a governor speed regulation parameter R in the design of an appropriate governor for automatic generation control of an interconnected power system in discrete mode taking into consideration the generation rate constraint (GRC). Investigations reveal that there is no necessity for a very low value of R as is usually the practice because under realisti... View full abstract»

• ### Computer assessment of IDMT relay performance for phase and earth faults on interconnected power systems

Publication Year: 1988, Page(s):157 - 165
Cited by:  Papers (4)  |  Patents (1)
| | PDF (820 KB)

The development of two computer algorithms to assess the performance of IDMT overcurrent protection for interconnected power systems is described. The first algorithm considers the case of three-phase short-circuit faults, and the second considers single-phase to earth short-circuit faults. Both can include multiple bulk supply points, parallel lines and transformers, directional and nondirectiona... View full abstract»

• ### Incorporation of wind energy conversion systems in conventional generating capacity adequacy assessment

Publication Year: 1992, Page(s):47 - 56
Cited by:  Papers (40)
| | PDF (776 KB)

Use of the wind for electric power generation is increasingly being considered as a possible generation alternative due to the rising interest in sources of energy that are renewable and without harmful environmental effects. Furthermore, difficult global economic and political conditions are tending to make countries depend more on their own resources and rely less on imported fuels. Wind is, how... View full abstract»

• ### Design model for electrical distribution systems considering renewable, conventional and energy storage units

Publication Year: 1992, Page(s):499 - 504
Cited by:  Papers (9)
| | PDF (585 KB)

A new model to solve the design problem of integrated electrical distribution systems is presented, considering special modelling for the load, different sources-conventional, renewable and energy storage-as well as connection lines. The resulting formulation is a linear programming problem, which is solved by a standard optimisation package. The advantages of this 'distributional approach' to the... View full abstract»

• ### Monte Carlo simulation model for multiarea generation system reliability studies

Publication Year: 1993, Page(s):532 - 538
Cited by:  Papers (3)
| | PDF (536 KB)

In a Monte Carlo simulation model and procedure for reliability assessment of multiarea generation systems a chronological simulation scheme is described which is capable of recognising different unit failure and repair distributions, different unit types, load forecast uncertainty and tie-line directional transfer capabilities and capacity distributions. Distributions of reliability indices can b... View full abstract»

• ### Voltage stability: analysis needs, modelling requirement, and modelling adequacy

Publication Year: 1993, Page(s):279 - 286
Cited by:  Papers (32)
| | PDF (858 KB)

The importance of representing power system dynamic loads by valid dynamic models in dynamic analyses of voltage stability is demonstrated. Several dynamic load models reported in the literature are reviewed. It is shown that, for loads with slow dynamics or when the system voltage may be assumed constant, small signal stability is independent of the load model used, provided the model parameter v... View full abstract»