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# IEE Proceedings - Radar, Sonar and Navigation

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• ### Multifrequency complementary phase-coded radar signal

Publication Year: 2000, Page(s):276 - 284
Cited by:  Papers (72)  |  Patents (1)
| | PDF (824 KB)

A multifrequency radar signal is considered. It uses M subcarriers simultaneously. The subcarriers are phase modulated by M different sequences that constitute a complementary set. Such a set can be constructed, for example, from the M cyclic shifts of a perfect phase-coded sequence of length M (e.g. P4). The subcarriers are separated by the inverse of the duration of a phase element tb... View full abstract»

• ### Application of adaptive chirplet representation for ISAR feature extraction from targets with rotating parts

Publication Year: 2003
Cited by:  Papers (83)
| | PDF (494 KB)

The problem of feature extraction from inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) data collected from targets with rotating parts is addressed. In traditional ISAR imaging, rigid-body motion is usually assumed. When non-rigid-body motions are present, it is not possible to obtain a focused image of both the target and the rotating part. To solve this problem, the radar signal is first parameterised u... View full abstract»

• ### Calculation of moments of complex Wishart and complex inverse Wishart distributed matrices

Publication Year: 2000, Page(s):162 - 168
Cited by:  Papers (72)  |  Patents (1)
| | PDF (428 KB)

The calculation of moments of complex Wishart and complex inverse Wishart distributed random matrices is addressed. In applications such as radar, sonar or seismics, complex Wishart and complex inverse Wishart distributed random matrices are used to model the statistical properties of complex sample covariance matrices and complex inverse sample covariance matrices. respectively. Moments of these ... View full abstract»

• ### Low probability of intercept radar strategies

Publication Year: 2004, Page(s):249 - 260
Cited by:  Papers (17)  |  Patents (1)
| | PDF (309 KB)

To reduce probability of intercept, in most cases, the form and magnitude of the radar transmissions are designed to spread energy over as wide a range of dimensions as possible. Equally, in response to this, designs for electronic surveillance measures (ESM) systems have been postulated that increase receiver sensitivity. Their purpose is to increase detection range beyond that of the radar (or t... View full abstract»

• ### FM radio based bistatic radar

Publication Year: 2005, Page(s):107 - 115
Cited by:  Papers (201)  |  Patents (5)
| | PDF (832 KB)

An experimental bistatic radar system is described that detects and tracks targets to ranges in excess of 150 km from the receiver, using echoes from a non-cooperative FM radio transmitter. The system concept and limitations on performance are described, followed by details of the processing used to implement the system. An adaptive filter algorithm is described that is used to efficiently remove ... View full abstract»

• ### Nonlinear frequency modulation chirps for active sonar

Publication Year: 1999, Page(s):312 - 316
Cited by:  Papers (21)  |  Patents (2)
| | PDF (432 KB)

Range sidelobe suppression in pulse-compression radars and sonars is conventionally performed using amplitude windowing in either the time or frequency domains. Using peak power limited transmitters, this inevitably causes a degradation in the signal-to-noise ratio available at the receiver output owing to shading or mismatch losses. Nonlinear frequency modulation (NLFM) chirps have been suggested... View full abstract»

• ### Passive detection using digital broadcasters (DAB, DVB) with COFDM modulation

Publication Year: 2005, Page(s):143 - 152
Cited by:  Papers (88)
| | PDF (1358 KB)

For some years, 'coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing' (COFDM) has been emerging in many European countries. This waveform is used for digital audio broadcasting (DAB) with 1.5 MHz bandwidth and for terrestrial digital video broadcasting (DVB) with 7.6 MHz bandwidth. The objective of the study is to prove the feasibility of target detection using such COFDM broadcasters. After a descri... View full abstract»

• ### Improved particle filter for nonlinear problems

Publication Year: 1999, Page(s):2 - 7
Cited by:  Papers (129)  |  Patents (2)
| | PDF (568 KB)

The Kalman filter provides an effective solution to the linear Gaussian filtering problem. However where there is nonlinearity, either in the model specification or the observation process, other methods are required. Methods known generically as particle filters' are considered. These include the condensation algorithm and the Bayesian bootstrap or sampling importance resampling (SIR) filter. Th... View full abstract»

• ### Passive coherent location radar systems. Part 1: performance prediction

Publication Year: 2005, Page(s):153 - 159
Cited by:  Papers (179)  |  Patents (3)
| | PDF (396 KB)

Passive coherent location (PCL) systems are a variant of bistatic radar that exploit 'illuminators of opportunity' as their sources of radar transmission. Dispensing with the need for a dedicated transmitter makes PCL inherently low cost, and hence attractive for a broad range of applications. Although a number of experimental and development examples exist, relatively little has been reported on ... View full abstract»

• ### Editorial: Passive radar systems

Publication Year: 2005, Page(s):105 - 106
Cited by:  Papers (25)
| | PDF (58 KB)

This IEE Special Issue on passive radar systems coincides with the seventieth anniversary of the first British radar experiment at Daventry in February 1935. The papers in this Special Issue cover the full spectrum of topics currently being researched in the area of passive radar systems. There are papers addressing the use of a variety of transmitters of opportunity -FM radio, digital audio broad... View full abstract»

• ### Ultra-lightweight synthetic aperture radar based on a 35 GHz FMCW sensor concept and online raw data transmission

Publication Year: 2006, Page(s):129 - 134
Cited by:  Papers (22)
| | PDF (386 KB)

With the increasing number of small-size unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for remote sensing, reconnaissance and surveillance applications, the demand for miniaturised and low weight synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor systems for these platforms has increased. Because of the extreme payload weight restrictions of unmanned platforms, size, weight and power (SWP) characteristics actually become do... View full abstract»

• ### How narrow is narrowband?

Publication Year: 1998, Page(s):85 - 91
Cited by:  Papers (41)
| | PDF (624 KB)

The “narrowband” assumption is often made in the analysis of array signal processing algorithms. The author provides a definition for the notion of narrowband, and the derivation of an expression which is useful in determining if a particular scenario qualifies as narrowband. The expression derived correctly predicts where the narrowband assumption fails for some super-resolution algor... View full abstract»

• ### Interacting multiple model particle filter

Publication Year: 2003, Page(s):344 - 349
Cited by:  Papers (45)
| | PDF (246 KB)

A new method for multiple model particle (nonlinear) filtering for Markovian switching systems is presented. This new method is a combination of the interacting multiple model (IMM) filter and a (regularised) particle filter. The mixing and interaction is similar to that in a conventional IMM filter. However, in every mode a regularised particle filter is running. The regularised particle filter p... View full abstract»

• ### Target tracking using television-based bistatic radar

Publication Year: 1999, Page(s):166 - 174
Cited by:  Papers (116)  |  Patents (18)
| | PDF (584 KB)

The use of a non-co-operative television transmitter as the illuminator for a bistatic radar system is investigated. A signal processing scheme is developed that allows airborne targets to be detected and tracked using only the vision or sound carrier of the television broadcast. This scheme requires no synchronisation with the television transmitter, and uses the Doppler shift and bearing of targ... View full abstract»

• ### Spaceborne bi- and multistatic SAR: potential and challenges

Publication Year: 2006, Page(s):184 - 198
Cited by:  Papers (78)
| | PDF (1189 KB)

First Page of the Article
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• ### X-band wideband experimental airborne radar for SAR, GMTI and maritime surveillance

Publication Year: 2003
Cited by:  Papers (11)
| | PDF (435 KB)

Defence Research and Development Canada - Ottawa has completed Phase I in the development of a new multimode X-band wideband experimental airborne radar (XWEAR) to support studies in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging, inverse SAR (ISAR), ground moving target indication (GMTI) radar and maritime surveillance radar with particular focus on small target detection and long-range surface surveilla... View full abstract»

• ### Analysis of micro-Doppler signatures

Publication Year: 2003
Cited by:  Papers (85)
| | PDF (343 KB)

Mechanical vibration or rotation of a target or structures on the target may induce additional frequency modulations on the returned radar signal which generate sidebands about the target's Doppler frequency, called the micro-Doppler effect. Micro-Doppler signatures enable some properties of the target to be determined. In the paper, the micro-Doppler effect in radar is introduced and the mathemat... View full abstract»

• ### Detection of spread-spectrum signals using the time-domain filtered cross spectral density

Publication Year: 1995, Page(s):286 - 292
Cited by:  Papers (5)  |  Patents (1)
| | PDF (696 KB)

The authors present a technique for the detection of spread-spectrum signals, of arbitrary form, even when the signal power spectral density (PSD) is well below the surveillance receiver noise spectral density, using a pair of antennas with broadband (1 GHz or more) receivers. Cross correlating the outputs of two receivers, spatially separated by a distance of the order of one metre or more, produ... View full abstract»

• ### Enhanced target detection and identification via optimised radar transmission pulse shape

Publication Year: 2001, Page(s):130 - 138
Cited by:  Papers (55)  |  Patents (3)
| | PDF (864 KB)

The optimisation of the transmission radar pulse shape to maximise either target detection or identity discrimination between the T-72 and M1 main battle tanks is investigated. Significant performance improvements in target detection and identification are obtained using such matched illumination transmission waveforms over that of standard chirped pulses View full abstract»

• ### Track-before-detect algorithm for tracking extended targets

Publication Year: 2006, Page(s):345 - 351
Cited by:  Papers (29)
| | PDF (334 KB)

First Page of the Article
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• ### Fast FFT based GPS satellite acquisition methods

Publication Year: 2005, Page(s):277 - 286
Cited by:  Papers (50)  |  Patents (3)
| | PDF (925 KB)

A Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver uses satellite signals to determine position, velocity, and timing information. Measurements are obtained by synchronising the locally generated signal in the receiver with the signals received. A synchronisation procedure called acquisition adjusts the code phases of the incoming signal and the locally generated pseudo-random replica sequence of the corr... View full abstract»

• ### Contrast maximisation based technique for 2-D ISAR autofocusing

Publication Year: 2005, Page(s):253 - 262
Cited by:  Papers (60)
| | PDF (999 KB)

An image contrast based algorithm for 2-D ISAR image autofocusing is proposed. The problem of ISAR image autofocusing is formulated analytically by defining geometry and dynamics of the radar-target system and by assuming a mathematical model for the received signal. The image focusing is then achieved by estimating the model parameters through the maximisation of the image contrast. The problem o... View full abstract»

• ### Multicarrier radar signals with low peak-to-mean envelope power ratio

Publication Year: 2003, Page(s):71 - 77
Cited by:  Papers (19)  |  Patents (4)
| | PDF (714 KB)

A multicarrier phase-coded (MCPC) pulse consists of N sequences of M bits each. The N sequences modulate N carriers that are transmitted simultaneously. The carriers are equally spaced. The carrier separation Δf equals the inverse of the bit duration tb forming orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). A family of MCPC signals is described, based on modulating all carrier... View full abstract»

• ### Airborne X-band SAR imaging with 10 cm resolution: technical challenge and preliminary results

Publication Year: 2006, Page(s):163 - 176
Cited by:  Papers (29)  |  Patents (1)
| | PDF (3486 KB)

The bandwidth of RAMSES, an airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system was recently increased to 1.2 GHz in X- and Ku-bands, yielding (unweighted) 3 dB range resolution of 11 cm. The synthesis of SAR images with matching cross-range resolution requires long integration times, and this disqualifies the temporal-domain back-projection synthesis algorithm as impractically slow. The wider relative... View full abstract»

• ### Spatial distribution model for tracking extended objects

Publication Year: 2005, Page(s):364 - 371
Cited by:  Papers (66)  |  Patents (2)
| | PDF (623 KB)

A Bayesian filter has been developed for tracking an extended object in clutter based on two simple axioms: (i) the numbers of received target and clutter measurements in a frame are Poisson distributed (so several measurements may originate from the target) and (ii) target extent is modelled by a spatial probability distribution and each target-related measurement is an independent 'random draw' ... View full abstract»

• ### Bearings-only target motion analysis based on a multihypothesis Kalman filter and adaptive ownship motion control

Publication Year: 1998, Page(s):247 - 252
Cited by:  Papers (27)  |  Patents (4)
| | PDF (480 KB)

The author presents a multihypothesis cartesian Kalman filter (MHCKF) applied to the problem of bearings-only target motion analysis (TMA) from a single moving platform. A method to adaptively control the ownship motion based on a measure of “available range information” extracted from the MHCKF is also presented. The properties of the MHCKF algorithm are discussed qualitatively and il... View full abstract»

• ### Super-resolution, degrees of freedom and synthetic aperture radar

Publication Year: 2003, Page(s):419 - 429
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (311 KB)

Super-resolution concepts offer the potential of resolution beyond the classical limit. This great promise has not generally been realised. The potential application of super-resolution concepts to synthetic aperture radar is investigated. The analytical basis for super-resolution theory is discussed. The application of the concept to synthetic aperture radar is investigated as an operator inversi... View full abstract»

• ### Segmentation-based technique for ship detection in SAR images

Publication Year: 2001, Page(s):147 - 159
Cited by:  Papers (29)  |  Patents (1)
| | PDF (1604 KB)

A novel segmentation-based ship detection scheme is proposed to cope with the typical features of sea clutter. In particular, it is shown that the standard 2D-CFAR schemes applied to both low- and high-resolution SAR images do not allow adequate control of the false-alarm rate for nonhomogeneity and non-Gaussianity characteristics of backscattering from the sea. The introduction of an appropriate ... View full abstract»

• ### Three-stage inversion process for polarimetric SAR interferometry

Publication Year: 2003, Page(s):125 - 134
Cited by:  Papers (186)  |  Patents (2)
| | PDF (1098 KB)

The authors provide a new geometrical approach for the inversion of a two-layer coherent scattering model, widely used for the interpretation of polarimetric interferometric SAR data. It has been shown in several recent publications that, by using interferograms in multiple polarisation channels, estimation of vegetation height, underlying ground topography and mean extinction is possible. Further... View full abstract»

• ### New data association method for automotive radar tracking

Publication Year: 2001, Page(s):297 - 301
Cited by:  Papers (9)
| | PDF (331 KB)

An improved multi-target data association method for automotive radar is presented. The new approach is formulated using the association probabilities of the joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) filter. An optimal track-to-measurement data association is accomplished using the decision logic algorithm. Simulation results in heavily cluttered conditions show that the tracking accuracy of the... View full abstract»

• ### High resolutio ISAR imaging of high speed moving targets

Publication Year: 2005, Page(s):58 - 67
Cited by:  Papers (37)
| | PDF (2048 KB)

Range-Doppler (RD) algorithms are idely used i inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging. I the standard RD algorithm, envelope alignment and autofocus are first applied to transform the original data into equivalent turntable target data, and the FFT is used for the image formation. Usually, the migratio through resolution cells (MTRCs) due to target rotatio is ignored. ith the improvement ... View full abstract»

• ### Stepped-frequency pulse-train radar signal

Publication Year: 2002, Page(s):297 - 309
Cited by:  Papers (40)
| | PDF (832 KB)

The stepped-frequency radar signal is revisited. The delay-Doppler response of pulse-trains with different interpulse frequency codings is investigated, including linear, nonlinear, up-down and Costas codings. Different approaches to sidelobe reduction are considered. Both matched filter and stretch processing are discussed. View full abstract»

• ### Efficient particle filter for jump Markov nonlinear systems

Publication Year: 2005, Page(s):323 - 326
Cited by:  Papers (19)
| | PDF (1232 KB)

An efficient particle filtering algorithm is presented for state estimation of jump Markov nonlinear systems. The standard particle filter can easily suffer from particle degeneracy around mode changes. The new algorithm allows the user to fully control the number of particles in a certain mode, without distorting or violating the Markov property. This property can be exploited to prevent the filt... View full abstract»

• ### Synthetic aperture radar-moving target indicator processing of multi-channel airborne radar measurement data

Publication Year: 2006, Page(s):532 - 543
Cited by:  Papers (4)
| | PDF (1479 KB)

Coherent signal processing methods for combining the data that are collected via a multi-channel airborne radar system for moving target detection and image formation, are examined. Methods that convert multi-channel radar data into dual along-track monopulse synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signals of the radiated scene, are studied. A two-dimensional adaptive filtering method that projects the dat... View full abstract»

• ### Radar detection in multipath

Publication Year: 1999, Page(s):45 - 54
Cited by:  Papers (12)
| | PDF (688 KB)

An analysis of the detection of radar targets in multipath environments is presented. Radar targets often undergo enhancements or fades due to multipath where the direct-path energy combines with a phase-shifted reflection to enhance or reduce the received energy. This phenomenon is a function of frequency. Radars are often designed to avoid the problems of fades by changing frequency or using an ... View full abstract»

• ### Modulation identification of digital signals by the wavelet transform

Publication Year: 2000, Page(s):169 - 176
Cited by:  Papers (76)  |  Patents (1)
| | PDF (744 KB)

There is a need, for example in electronic surveillance, to determine the modulation type of an incoming signal. The use of the wavelet transform for modulation identification of digital signals is described. The wavelet transform can effectively extract the transient characteristics in a digital communication signal, yielding distinct patterns for simple identification. Three identifiers for clas... View full abstract»

• ### Multitarget particle filter track before detect application

Publication Year: 2004, Page(s):351 - 357
Cited by:  Papers (58)  |  Patents (1)
| | PDF (1488 KB)

The paper deals with a radar 'track before detect' application in a multitarget setting. 'Track before detect' is a method to track weak objects on the basis of raw radar measurements, e.g. the reflected power of the target plus noise. In classical target tracking, the tracking process is performed on the basis of pre-processed measurements that are constructed from the original measurement data e... View full abstract»

• ### Non-cooperative target recognition in the frequency domain

Publication Year: 2004, Page(s):77 - 84
Cited by:  Papers (13)
| | PDF (1379 KB)

Non-cooperative target recognition is investigated in the frequency domain using measured in-flight aircraft data. It is found that the frequency domain target signatures are distinct for different aircraft types and at different aspects. As a result, target identification in the frequency domain is just as viable as using conventional high-range resolution profiles in the range domain. In additio... View full abstract»

• ### Wideband MVDR beamforming for acoustic vector sensor linear array

Publication Year: 2004, Page(s):158 - 162
Cited by:  Papers (19)
| | PDF (466 KB)

A wideband minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamforming approach for an acoustic vector sensor linear array is presented, which is based on coherent signal subspace preprocessing, to solve the problem of direction of arrival (DOA) estimation for wideband coherent acoustic sources. The concept of wideband focusing is introduced into wideband processing for the acoustic vector sensor ... View full abstract»

• ### Demonstration of advanced reconnaissance techniques with the airborne SAR/GMTI sensor PAMIR

Publication Year: 2006, Page(s):152 - 162
Cited by:  Papers (40)  |  Patents (1)
| | PDF (3598 KB)

PAMIR (Phased Array Multifunctional Imaging Radar) is an experimental airborne radar system that has been designed and built by the Research Institute for High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques (FHR) of Forschungsgesellschaft für Angewandte Naturwissenschaften (FGAN). The goal is to meet the growing demands for future reconnaissance systems with respect to flexibility and multi-mode oper... View full abstract»

• ### Dynamic range and coverage issues for a mobile bistatic radar system

Publication Year: 2004, Page(s):221 - 224
Cited by:  Papers (1)
| | PDF (124 KB)

First Page of the Article
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• ### Cell-averaging CFAR gain in spatially correlated K-distributed clutter

Publication Year: 1996, Page(s):321 - 327
Cited by:  Papers (24)
| | PDF (608 KB)

The detection performance of a cell-averaging CFAR detector is analysed for spatially correlated K-distributed clutter. In thermal noise or uniform clutter, the performance of the cell-averaging CFAR can be compared with that of the ideal fixed threshold, but with an associated CFAR loss', quantified by the increase in average signal-to-clutter ratio required to achieve a given probability of det... View full abstract»

• ### Human walking estimation with radar

Publication Year: 2003, Page(s):356 - 365
Cited by:  Papers (72)  |  Patents (10)
| | PDF (895 KB)

Radar can be used to observe humans that are obscured by objects such as walls. These humans cannot be visually observed. The radar measurements are used to animate an obscured human in virtual reality. This requires detailed information about the motion. The radar measurements give detailed information about the movements of the human body parts; the Doppler signatures are time-varying and observ... View full abstract»

• ### Generalised wideband ambiguity function of a coherent ultrawideband random noise radar

Publication Year: 2003, Page(s):379 - 386
Cited by:  Papers (14)  |  Patents (5)
| | PDF (515 KB)

A coherent ultrawideband (UWB) random noise radar system has been developed and field tested at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL). A heterodyne correlation technique based on a time-delayed and frequency-shifted replica of the transmit waveform is used to inject coherence within this system. The radar's combined range and range rate resolution characteristics were investigated using the gen... View full abstract»

• ### Digital false-target image synthesiser for countering ISAR

Publication Year: 2002, Page(s):248 - 257
Cited by:  Papers (36)
| | PDF (1650 KB)

The paper presents the design of a pipelined, all-digital image synthesiser capable of generating false-target images from a series of intercepted inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) chirp pulses to provide a novel RF imaging decoy capability. The image synthesiser modulates the phase samples from a phase-sampling digital RF memory (DRFM) that stores intercepted ISAR pulses. The synthesiser co... View full abstract»

• ### High resolution sea clutter data: statistical analysis of recorded live data

Publication Year: 1997, Page(s):121 - 130
Cited by:  Papers (101)
| | PDF (896 KB)

The paper is devoted to a detailed analysis of experimental data, collected at Osborne Head Gunnery Range with McMaster University IPIX radar, to test theoretical models developed in the literature. The validity of the compound model has been proven for VV polarisation both for amplitude and correlation properties. Cross-polarised data also exhibit a compound behaviour but require an additional Ga... View full abstract»

• ### Comparison between linear FM and phase-coded CW radars

Publication Year: 1994, Page(s):230 - 240
Cited by:  Papers (25)  |  Patents (5)
| | PDF (772 KB)

The classical linear FM CW radar signal is compared with P3 and P4 phase-coded CW signals. The comparison covers the theoretical delay-Doppler response, the spectrum and the performances in digital receiver processors. The receivers produce a matrix of delay and Doppler cells. Three receiver approaches are considered: (a) Doppler compensation followed by a multicorrelation processor. This is a gen... View full abstract»

• ### Taxonomy of multiple target tracking methods

Publication Year: 2005, Page(s):291 - 304
Cited by:  Papers (43)  |  Patents (3)
| | PDF (213 KB)

A concise summary of techniques for multiple target tracking is provided and their main characterics assessed qualitatively. The techniques have been catergorised into more than 35 different algorithmic types. A comparison chart is provided that lists each algorithm and categorises the processing scheme, data association mechanism, complexity scaling (with number of targets and with state dimensio... View full abstract»

• ### Simulation and analysis of synthetic sidescan sonar images

Publication Year: 1997, Page(s):219 - 226
Cited by:  Papers (14)
| | PDF (996 KB)

The sidescan sonar process produces a representation in image form of the seabed; however, no closed-form analytic expression or direct modelling technique exists to represent this complex process. The basic principle is presented for a model for the simulation of sidescan sonar, which produces as its output a qualitative image of the form generated by the actual sidescan. The model considers the ... View full abstract»

• ### Extended wavenumber-domain synthetic aperture radar focusing with integrated motion compensation

Publication Year: 2006, Page(s):301 - 310
Cited by:  Papers (52)
| | PDF (582 KB)

First Page of the Article
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## Aims & Scope

IEE Proceedings Radar, Sonar and Navigation covers the theory and practice of systems involving the processing of signals for radar, radio location, radio navigation and surveillance purposes.

Full Aims & Scope