Theoretical and experimental study of stimulated and cascaded Raman scattering in ultrahigh-Q optical microcavities
Kippenberg, T.J.
Spillane, S.M.
Bumki Min
Vahala, K.J.
California Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA, USA;
This paper appears in: Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of
Publication Date: Sept.-Oct. 2004
Volume: 10,
Issue: 5
On page(s): 1219- 1228
ISSN: 1077-260X
INSPEC Accession Number: 8247922
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/JSTQE.2004.837203(410) 1
Current Version Published: 2004-12-13
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in ultrahigh-Q (UHQ) surface-tension-induced spherical and chip-based toroid microcavities is considered both theoretically and experimentally. These microcavities are fabricated from silica, exhibit small mode volume (typically 1000 μm3) and possess whispering-gallery type modes with long photon storage times (in the range of 100 ns), significantly reducing the threshold for stimulated nonlinear optical phenomena. Oscillation threshold levels of less than 100 μW of launched fiber pump power, in microcavities with quality factors of 100 million are observed. Using a steady-state analysis of the coupled-mode equations for the pump and Raman whispering-gallery modes, the threshold, efficiencies and cascading properties of SRS in UHQ devices are derived. The results are experimentally confirmed in the telecommunication band (1550 nm) using tapered optical fibers as highly efficient waveguide coupling elements for both pumping and signal extraction. The device performance dependence on coupling, quality factor and modal volume are measured and found to be in good agreement with theory. This includes analysis of the threshold and efficiency for cascaded Raman scattering. The side-by-side study of nonlinear oscillation in both spherical microcavities and toroid microcavities on-a-chip also allows for comparison of their properties. In addition to the benefits of a wafer-scale geometry, including integration with optical, electrical, or mechanical functionality, microtoroids on-a-chip exhibit single mode Raman oscillation over a wide range of pump powers.
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