Flexible on-stack replacement in LLVM

On-Stack Replacement (OSR) is a technique for dynamically transferring execution between different versions of a function at run time. OSR is typically used in virtual machines to interrupt a long-running function and recompile it at a higher optimization level, or to replace it with a different one when a speculative assumption made during its compilation no longer holds. In this paper we present a framework for OSR that introduces novel ideas and combines features of existing techniques that no previous solution provided simultaneously. New features include OSR with compensation code to adjust the program state during a transition and the ability to fire an OSR from arbitrary locations in the code. Our approach is platform-independent as the OSR machinery is entirely encoded at a compiler's intermediate representation level. We implement and evaluate our technique in the LLVM compiler infrastructure, which is gaining popularity as Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler in virtual machines for dynamic languages such as Javascript, MATLAB, Python, and Ruby. As a case study of our approach, we show how to improve the state of the art in the optimization of the feval instruction, a performance-critical construct of the MATLAB language.