Estimation based power and supply voltage management for future RF-powered multi-core smart cards

RF-powered smart cards are constrained in their operation by their power consumption. Smart card application designers must pay attention to power consumption peaks, high average power consumption and supply voltage drops. If these hazards are not handled properly, the smart card's operational stability is compromised. Here we present a novel multi-core smart card design, which improves the operational stability of nowadays used smart cards. Estimation based techniques are applied to provide cycle accurate power and supply voltage information of the smart card in real time. A supply voltage management unit monitors the provided power and supply voltage information, flattens the smart card's power consumption and prevents supply voltage drops by means of a dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) policy. The presented multi-core smart card design is evaluated on a hardware emulation platform to prove its proper functionality. Experimental tests show that harmful power variations can be reduced by up to 75% and predefined supply voltage levels are maintained properly. The presented analysis and management functionalities are integrated at a minimal area overhead of 10.1%.