Predicting PV module characteristics with outdoor measurements: Modeling improvements

Photovoltaic modules need recognized and validated measurements through appropriate certification in order to be sold and used in diverse applications. Certification process, that includes measurements and characterization, is an important aspect of photovoltaic issues. This paper presents an improved intercomparison method of characterizing Photovoltaic Modules (PVMs) in outdoor conditions and in short observation time. The key output is energy prediction.