Ground plane size reduction in monopole antennas for ground wave transmission

In this paper, the design of a ground plane that does not produce drastic transmission loss despite of its electrically small size is investigated in the context of HF ground wave transmission. To simplify the initial study, a monopole antenna is used to study the effect of a reduced ground plane on transmission loss. All simulations are done by the Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC). Several ground plane structures are investigated. Measurements are also performed to verify the simulation. A miniaturized ground plane structure is then proposed for the electrically small antenna