The past, present and future telephone communications

The evolution of telephone communications over the past one hundred years has become and will continue to be an important part of our life. The purpose of any communications service is to transport the signal, either voice, data or video to its destination, any corner in the world, with an acceptable quality. The availability of these previously mentioned services is different for different service environments. To provide these services, various access facilities used by the end users to access to telecommunication networks must be made available to all of the users. The (public) networks covering different parts of the world must be interconnected so that the global communication can be implemented, that is, the so-called global network must be realized. The author briefly discusses early voice communication and then describes the present telephone networks including access facilities, and T1 and E1 facilities. The author briefly discusses future developments.