Magnetization vector directions in a steel cube

Tensor magnetic hysteresis loops are measured for a pipeline steel cube. The amplitude and direction of total magnetization are calculated as the magnetic field is applied in each of the three cube directions. The results show that the total magnetization remains in the same direction over a large magnetization range while the applied field increases and approaches the magnetic field direction when the field becomes very strong. This proves that the magnetizing process has two stages. One is domain wall motion, for which the magnetization direction remains constant, another is magnetization rotation when the magnetization rotates toward the direction of the applied field.