The initial stage of study of ionospheric radio and propagation in Russia (1895-1940)

Reviews the development of radiowave propagation research in Russia. The action of the first radio set in Russia was demonstrated by A.S. Popov (1895) Chernischov (1916) was the first in Russia to recognize the role of the high conducting layers of the atmosphere in radio propagation. Later on, Schuleikin (1923) described a study of a radio refraction in the Earth's atmosphere. He found the equations for the refractive index and index of attenuation. Relying on the 'ionic refraction' theory he anticipated the explanation of some pure ionospheric effects.