The estimation and measurement of the efficiency and effectiveness of small antennas in an environment

A new Q-bandwidth measurement method for most small antennas allows all the significant radiation resistance and loss components affecting the antenna input impedance to be separated and measured. The various antenna efficiencies can be determined from measurements made at the antenna terminals. A new line-integral potential method is used. Better calibration of these will come both from interpreting existing results and from making further measurements to confirm or contradict past measurements.