Forward or backward handover for W-CDMA?

In this paper, an overview of handover strategies, is first given. The main reasons why a forward handover strategy is not suited for W-CDMA are then described. Also, the implications of implementing the proposed backward soft-handover strategy for the UTRA W-CDMA with respect to handover failure due to the "street corner effect" in a Manhattan environment are discussed. Finally, three solutions to reduce this effect are given.