Application of physics-based two-grid method and sparse matrix canonical grid method for numerical simulations of emissivities of soils with rough surfaces at microwave frequencies

The simulations of emissivities from a two-dimensional (2D) wet soil with random rough surfaces are studied with numerical solutions of three-dimensional (3D) Maxwell equations. The wet soils have large permittivity. For media with large permittivities, the surface fields can have large spatial variations on the surface. Thus, a dense discretization of the surface is required to implement the method of moment (MoM) for the surface integral equations. Such a dense discretization is also required to ensure that the emissivity can be calculated to the required accuracy of 0.01 for passive remote sensing applications. It has been shown that the physics-based two-grid method (PBTG) can efficiently compute the accurate surface fields on the dense grid. In this paper, the numerical results are calculated by using the PBTG in conjunction with the sparse-matrix canonical grid method (SMCG). The emissivities are illustrated for random rough surfaces with Gaussian spectrum for different soil moisture conditions. The results are calculated for L- and C-bands using the same physical roughness parameters. The numerical solutions of Maxwell's equations are also compared with the popular H and Q empirical model.