New coding patterns for object management in C++

To handle finite memory efficiently, it is necessary to allocate and deallocate objects at suitable times. Two main approaches to object management are garbage collection and direct management. Garbage collection removes the responsibility of managing object memory from the user but can be expensive. Direct management relies on user management of object memory but can be implemented with no runtime cost. In the latter, coding patterns can reduce the potential for error. The authors propose a new coding pattern for object management which supports the encapsulation, inheritance and overloading capabilities associated with object-oriented languages while achieving zero-cost memory management.