N antennas and their applications in portable handsets

A new antenna, the N antenna, is proposed for use in mobile communication systems. Detailed investigations are presented through the results obtained using numerical simulations and measurements. The newly proposed antenna has many attractive features such as a wide bandwidth, stable radiation patterns, and a compact structure. The application of the N antenna is exemplified through portable handsets. It is shown that in the presence of an operator, the efficiency of the antenna system of a portable handset increases and the maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) is significantly reduced by using the N antenna.