Numerical optimization-based graph drawing revisited

We present a numerical optimization-based method for visualizing undirected graphs. Our method is a variant of force-directed graph drawing, and has sufficient generality to adopt different basic force models including those for the Kamada-Kawai and Fruchterman-Reingold methods. To achieve efficiency, we use the L-BFGS method for numerical optimization. Our experimental results show that the method gives good performance when combined with the Kamada-Kawai model.