Integration Methods Used in Numerical Simulations of Transient Electromagnetic

A model of transmission line that can be used for simulations of electromagnetic transients directly in the time domain is that it considers that the line can be represented by a cascade of π circuits. In this model the currents and voltages along the line are written in the form of state equations that are integrated by numerical methods. Usually the state equations are integrated using the trapezoidal integration method. In this article the state equations, which describe the currents and voltages along a line will be integrated through a variety of numerical methods and will be conducted comparisons of the results obtained with the various methods used.