Energy Aware Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks Using Discrete Transmission Energies

In this paper three novel routing algorithms are proposed which facilitate energy aware routing and provide reliable packet transfer to the BS. All the three methods take into account that transmission energy cannot be chosen arbitrarily on the nodes but from a set of discrete energy levels. As will be demonstrated the new protocols can outperform LEACH and Directed Diffusion as far life span and reliability is concerned.