Efficient and Air-Stable Polymer Photovoltaic Devices With $\hbox{WO}_{3}$–$\hbox{V}_{2}\hbox{O}_{5}$ Mixed Oxides as Anodic Modification

Effect of WO
₃
-V
₂
O
₅
mixed oxides as anodic modification through simple solution processing is investigated to improve the efficiency and stability of inverted polymer photovoltaic devices. The power conversion efficiency is improved from 3.1% to 4.16% with good air stability (> 90% of efficiency retained over 1000 h). Our investigations show that the mixed oxides can suppress the leakage current, enhance the light absorption, and provide a temporally durable device. The mixed oxides function better than the pristine oxides (V
₂
O
₅
or WO
₃
) as the anode modification in terms of photovoltaic performance.