A State-Free Directional Geographical Routing Protocol in Dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks

Highly dynamic sensor networks, such as wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs), have been applied in various kinds of application scenarios. WMSNs always work in the harsh environment, so the connectivity among the nodes changes rapidly. Traditional state-based protocols, designed for static networks, suffer excessive delay in updating their routing or neighborhood tables, leading to severe packet loss and communication delay in the highly dynamic situations. To provide robust and timely communication under dynamic circumstances, a multipath optimized state-free implicit forwarding protocol (MPSIF) is proposed, based on the concept of the multipath directional geographical forwarding. We compared our work against the directional geographical routing protocol (DGR) under two kinds of dynamic circumstances by simulation, the result shows that MPSIF achieves a distinct improvement in the delivery ratio and significant reduction in the end-to-end delay.