3-D ultrasound guidance of surgical robotics using catheter transducers: Feasibility study

The goal of this study was to test the feasibility of using a real-time 3-D (RT3D) ultrasound scanner with matrix array catheter probes to guide a surgical robot. We tested the accuracy of using 3-D catheter transducers with the 3-D measurement software of the scanner to direct automatically a robot arm that touched two needle tips together within a water tank and inside a vascular graft. RMS measurement error ranged from 2.4 to 3.4 mm for two catheter designs.