A new directional element for numerical distance relays

This paper describes a new positive sequence directional element for use in numerical distance relays. The element is incorporated in a numerical relay and the relay is tested on a RTDS (real time digital simulator). Results are also shown from on-line tests in two different locations in the Manitoba Hydro network. Finally an accurate software model of the relay, proved against recorded performance on the RTDS tests, is used in off-line tests on complex system configurations.<
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