Uncertainty estimation in noise figure measurements at microwave frequencies

In this paper, a specific simulation tool is developed in order to evaluate systematic error and measurement uncertainty associated to different methodologies for noise figure measurement of microwave circuits. The tool is based on Monte-Carlo algorithms and follows the recommendations of the IEC-ISO guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM). Representative examples are given to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed tool to assist microwave engineers in the selection of the methodology and the measurement setup best suited for their needs