In an historical overview of computer operations in scientific-technical environments from the second half of the 1950s to the mid-1960s, this article discusses the ways German universities and similar institutions initially used small computers. It reports on the emergence of high-level programming languages, the appearance and predominance of large batch-processing systems, and the arising efforts to reestablish a conversational mode of operations.
Published in:
Annals of the History of Computing, IEEE
(Volume:32
,
Issue:
3
)
Date of Publication: July-Sept. 2010