Mathematical modeling of skeletal muscle under non-isometric FES

This study outlines the development of a mathematical model for predicting muscle force and motion in response to functional electrical stimulation. The mathematical model was developed by decomposing the muscle's contractile response into two distinct physiological steps: activation dynamics and the force dynamics, with the force dynamics being derived from the Hill-type model. By considering the activation dynamics, force-length and force-velocity relationships, and the influence of external loads, the model will predict the forces and movements due to external electrical stimulation of the muscle during non-isometric conditions.