Simple phenomenological models for wideband frequency-domain electromagnetic induction

The authors propose three phenomenological models for wideband electromagnetic induction (EMI) response of buried conductors, such as unexploded ordnance (UXO) or metal parts in landmines. The models are based on analytic solutions for spheres, cylinders, and wire loops, and produce physically reasonable predictions for a variety of targets at all frequencies of interest including matches to theory in the low- and high-frequency limits. All three produce excellent fits to test data and run quickly enough to be of practical use in data inversion schemes. The authors present a three-parameter model capable of exactly matching permeable spheres and cylinders, a four-parameter version which adds the capability to match wire loops, and a five-parameter version which adds the capability to match signals due to driving bands, a feature found only on UXO. Driving bands, also called rotating bands, are soft metal rings near the tail of a projectile designed to engage rifles in the gun bore when the projectile Is fired. The author observe that driving bands produce a distinctive loop-like signal in EMI spectra, possibly because they are in the shape of a loop and typically have much greater conductivity than the body of the UXO. They demonstrate that the five-parameter model is capable of accurately fitting this signal and expressing its presence or absence through model fit parameters.