Interfacing ${\rm k}$-Factor Based White-Box Transformer Models With Electromagnetic Transients Programs

White-box transformer models are used by transformer manufacturers during the dielectric design of windings. The models are often based on constant parameters (RLCG matrices) with the high-frequency losses accounted for by a scaling of the dc resistance ( k-Factor). We show an efficient procedure for interfacing such models with Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP)-type circuit simulators via state equations and a Norton equivalent. The approach makes no approximations except for the discretization in the time domain. Diagonalization is utilized for achieving high computational efficiency. Proprietary information about internal voltages is optionally hidden from the user. Internal surge arresters are handled by the EMTP circuit solver by declaring their connection points as external nodes. The model interface includes automated initialization from 50/60-Hz initial conditions. The proposed interfacing capability permits manufacturers to apply their models in complete network simulations, and to share their models with users.