Consistent Study of Graphene Structures Through the Direct Incorporation of Surface Conductivity

An efficient 3-D FDTD formulation for the precise analysis of electromagnetic phenomena in graphene structures is presented in this paper. The new concept considers the surface nature of graphene's conductivity and encompasses it directly into the integral form of Maxwell's equations, avoiding the necessity to discretize the material's transverse dimension via a subcell process. Hence, the proposed technique is much easier to implement and combined with existing FDTD codes, as it requires less computational time. Numerical verification involving comparisons with closed-form solutions and the results of other schemes, exhibits the high accuracy of the algorithm.