Biochips with Nano-Ensembles: Integration with Nanoelectrode Ensembles for Biodetection Applications

Nanoelectrode ensemble (NEE) films have attracted increasing interest in recent years due to their unique combination of electrochemical (EC) characteristics, including ultrafast electron transfer reactions, high signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios, and enhanced detection sensitivity [1]-[3]. NEEs are nanotechology-based electroanalytical tools that find application in a variety of fields ranging from sensors to electronics and from energy storage to magnetic materials [4]. The characteristics of NEEs are 1) extreme sensitivity to the kinetics of the charge transfer process [5], which means they are able to measure very high charge transfer rate constants [6], and 2) that they dramatically reduce capacitive currents, which act as noise in voltammetry detection procedures [7], [8].