High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) Risetime Evolution of Technology and Standards Exclusively for E1 Environment

There are many different definitions of the risetime of a transient waveform. In the context of high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) standards, the 10-90% risetime of an idealized double exponential waveform has been defined and used for many decades. However, such a risetime definition is not strictly applicable to the transient voltage out of a pulse generator, since no practical switch can close in zero time. In this paper, we discuss various definitions and their applicability. More importantly, pulse power technology has evolved over five decades and the achievable risetimes have come down from 10s of nanoseconds to 10s of picoseconds. As a corollary, the highest achievable voltage gradient has been going upwards of 10
¹⁵
V/s. In this paper, we review the definitions of risetime, and trace the evolution of technology and HEMP Standards, exclusively for the E1 environments.