Design and analysis nomograms for pulse-width and frequency modulation using the 555 Timer

The author analyzes the configuration of the 555 timer from the pulsewidth and frequency modulation viewpoint, derives the governing expression, and provides practical nomograms for the design and analysis of pulsewidth and frequency modulators. Suitable examples are included. The limitations of the commercially available 555 timer can easily be overcome by using discrete components in the implementation along with high-speed voltage comparators and gates.