360° interoperability of multivendor tolling systems

A collection of slides from the authors' conference presentation is given. The Australian model of technical and operational interoperability, and its applicability to the UK. Tolling, or Road User Charging Interoperability, is not simply achieved by having a standard for communications protocols between tags and beacons. Consideration also needs to be given to the business processes and agreements required between operators to allow interoperability and encourage competition.