Optimal Population Transfers in a Quantum System for Large Transfer Time

Transferring a quantum system to a final state with given populations is an important problem with applications to quantum chemistry and atomic physics. In this paper, we consider such transfers that minimize L
²
the norm of the control. This problem is challenging, both analytically and numerically. With the exception of the simplest cases, there is no general understanding of the nature of optimal controls and trajectories. We find that, by examining the limit of large transfer times, we can uncover such general properties. In particular, for transfer times large with respect to the time scale of the free dynamics of the quantum system, the optimal control is a sum of terms, each being a Bohr frequency sinusoid modulated by a slow amplitude, i.e., a profile that changes considerably only on the scale of the transfer time. Moreover, we show that the optimal trajectory follows a ldquomeanrdquo evolution modulated by the fast free dynamics of the system. The calculation of the ldquomeanrdquo optimal trajectory and the slow control profiles is done via an ldquoaveragedrdquo two-point boundary value problem that we derive and which is much easier to solve than the one expressing the necessary conditions for optimality of the original optimal transfer problem.