Quantitative Comparison of Bilateral Teleoperation Systems Using $\mu$-Synthesis

This paper presents a quantitative comparison framework for bilateral teleoperation systems (BTSs) that have different dynamic characteristics and sensory configurations for a given task-dependent performance objective (TDPO). $\mu$-synthesis is used to develop the framework since it can efficiently treat systems containing uncertainties and disturbances. The framework consists of: 1) a feasibility test and 2) a comparison methodology using prioritized TDPOs. As the formulation used is based on $\mu$-synthesis, the system, operator, and environment models are represented in the form of linear nominal models with frequency-dependent multiplicative uncertainties. This framework is applied to a BTS including an uncertain human operator and environment in a practical case study. The validity of the proposed quantitative framework is confirmed through experiments. The proposed framework can be used as a tool to design BTSs, especially when there are constraints in designing drive mechanisms and choosing sensory configurations.