A 32-element 8-bit photonic true-time-delay system based on a 288 x 288 3-D MEMS optical switch

A large-scale three-dimensional microelectromechanical-system optical switch is used for the first time to realize a true-time-delay (TTD) beamformer for phased-array radar applications, with a capacity of 32 antenna elements and eight bits of delay. The 288 /spl times/ 288 optical switch has a median loss of 1.4 dB and all measured 82 944 paths exhibit less than 2.3 dB loss at 1310 nm. The TTD beamformer exhibits a loss variation of 1.5 dB, which is equalized using a mirror-offset technique.