Multifrequency HF radar observations of currents and current shears

Techniques have been developed for using high-frequency (HF) surface-wave radar to measure ocean currents and vertical current shears in the upper 1 or 2 m of the ocean surface. An HF radar can precisely measure the phase velocity and direction of propagation of ocean waves whose wavelength is one.half the radar wavelength. In the absence of a current, the speed of the waves is given by the still-water dispersion relation. An underlying current will modify this speed. The radar measures the actual phase velocity through a Doppler shift, and the wavelength of the ocean wave is known through the first-order Bragg scattering relation, so a difference between observed and theoretical stillwater phase velocity can be calculated. In addition, longer ocean waves are affected by currents at deeper depths than are shorter ocean waves. By measuring the phase velocity at several different wavelengths, it is possible to measure a vertical current shear in the top 1 or 2 m of the ocean surface. This is a measurement that is very difficult to make by any other means. A portable coherent pulsed-Doppler HF radar system was developed at Stanford and used in several experiments, both on land on the California coast and on board a ship during the Joint Air-Sca Interaction (JASIN) experiment. The land-based experiments demonstrated that a current could be measured by an HF radar, and that its value agreed well with that measured by in-situ drifting spar buoys. In addition, there was evidence of a vertical current shear, both from the radar measurements and from the buoy measurements. The JASIN experiment was an attempt to apply these techniques to the measurement of surface current and current shear in the open ocean. The radar system was installed on board a ship, along with a receiving antenna consisting of a steerable phased array of eight wide-band loops. The steerable antenna was quite rugged and performed as expected. It produced antenna patterns consistent with the physical aperture of the array. The wind velocity during the JASIN experiment was quite low, so wind- and wave-generated currents were quite small. Nevertheless, there is some evidence of a current shear. Its magnitude is small and near the resolution limit of the radar, but it appears to be somewhat higher than estimates based on either the wind or wave conditions alone, but less than the estimates based on the sum of the two components.