Trends in integration and coordination of substation protection and control systems

This paper addresses trends in the area of integrated and coordinated substation protection and control systems-also known as substation secondary systems. The concepts of functional coordination and integration are discussed. The benefits and concerns raised by the new way in which substation secondary systems are designed are addressed. Particular emphasis is placed on utilities' views, field experience and acceptance of integrated systems as well as on the way manufacturers design systems that respond to customers expectations.