Concepts for complete integration of synthesizers for GHz frequencies

An overview on the state of the art frequency synthesizer concepts for monolithic integration for GHz applications is presented. The principles and building blocks of digital phase-locked loops (DPLL), direct digital synthesizers (DDS), hybrid and dual-loop synthesizers are shown with their merits and drawbacks. Realization of a 19 GHz DPLL with completely integrated basic function blocks is presented.