Energy-efficient transmission and routing protocols for wireless multiple-hop networks and spread-spectrum radios

We describe link and network layer protocols that can conserve energy in store-and-forward packet radio networks. At the link layer, an adaptive-transmission protocol allows the radios to adjust the power in the transmitted signal and the information rate to respond to variations in interference and propagation loss. The network layer protocols are designed to account for the energy requirements of the alternative routes for each source-destination pair. Routing is accomplished using least-resistance routing (LRR) with a metric that includes a measure of the energy consumption.