Can Deep Networks Learn to Play by the Rules? A Case Study on Nine Men's Morris

Deep networks have been successfully applied to a wide range of tasks in artificial intelligence, and game playing is certainly not an exception. In this paper, we present an experimental study to assess whether purely subsymbolic systems, such as deep networks, are capable of learning to play by the rules, without any
a priori
knowledge neither of the game, nor of its rules, but only by observing the matches played by another player. Similar problems arise in many other application domains, where the goal is to learn rules, policies, behaviors, or decisions, simply by the observation of the dynamics of a system. We present a case study conducted with residual networks on the popular board game of
Nine Men's Morris
, showing that this kind of subsymbolic architecture is capable of correctly discriminating legal from illegal decisions, just from the observation of past matches of a single player.