Green approach of graphene layer produced from waste cooking palm oil at different precursor temperatures

Waste cooking oil is one of the cause pollutions effect for aquatic life where it discharges to the river system. Whereas, palm oil were claimed to be more efficient compared to conventional fossil carbon sources including ethanol, methane, ethylene and acetylene. Graphene successfully established on the Ni surface due to segregation and precipitation of abundance loading of carbon originated from the source material occurred at cooling process. The growth of graphene at different waste cooking palm oil temperatures using thermal chemical vapour deposition method (TCVD) was investigated. The samples were prepared at various vaporization temperatures of waste cooking palm oil ranging from 250 °C to 450 °C by increment 50 °C and the temperature of Ni substrate constant at 900 °C. Raising the precursor temperatures subsequently led to the changed of shapes and different densities of the samples. Atomic force microscopy, AFM reveals that the film presents the cellular network of wrinkles in the graphene. Meanwhile, the Raman's spectroscopy result at optimum temperature (350 °C) shown the multilayer of the graphene based on IG/I2D ratio is approximately constant (equal to~1.34). Furthermore, XRD analysis was employed to distinguish the presence of graphene on Ni substrate.